Creosoteand chromated copper arsenate (CCA)-treated wood waste and untreated southern pine wood were liquefied with phenol and sulfuric acid. The effects of sulfuric acid content, liquefaction time, liquefaction temperature, and phenol to wood ratio on liquefaction rate (i.e., wood residue content) were investigated and analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA). The results showed that both creo...

Severe soil liquefaction due to a long duration earthquake with low acceleration occurred at Tokyo Bay area in the 2011 off the Pacific coast of Tohoku Earthquake. This phenomenon clearly shows that soil liquefaction is affected by properties of input waves. This paper describes effect of wave properties of earthquake on liquefaction using effective stress analysis with some earthquakes. Analyt...

Simplified techniques based on in situ testing methods are commonly used to assess seismic liquefaction potential. Many of these simplified methods are based on finding the liquefaction boundary. As the liquefaction classification problem is highly nonlinear in nature, it is difficult to develop a comprehensive model taking into account all the independent variables, such as the seismic and soi...

The İzmit Basin has developed under the control of North Anatolian Fault Zone (NAFZ). The basin is morphologically located in a plain between the Kocaeli Peneplane in the north and the Samanlıdağ Highlands in the south. NAFZ covering the study area in east west direction affects the region. Layers of sand and silty sand deposits are widespread in the alluvial basin. The groundwater level is con...

Liquefaction has occurred during most earthquakes, Niigata 1964, Tangshan 1976, Loma Prieta 1985, Kobe 1995, Chi-Chi Taiwan 1999, Turkey 1999, Haiti 2010, Mexicali 2010 and others. The performance of structures during the Niigata earthquake (1964) in Japan and the nature of damage suffered by them clearly brought out the fact that soil and soil foundation interaction play a significant role in ...

Soil liquefaction is the phenomenon of temporary loss of shear of saturated cohesionless soil under the influence of vibrations caused by earthquakes. The extensive loss of lives and civil infrastructure system like buildings, bridges, highways etc. caused by liquefaction emphasize the need for strong and reliable methods for evaluating the liquefaction potential of sites. Simplified techniques...

This study describes a general liquefaction flow instability criterion for elastoplastic soils based on the concept of loss of uniqueness. We apply the criterion to the general case of axisymmetric loading and invoke the concepts of effective stresses and loss of controllability to arrive at a general criterion for the onset of liquefaction flow. The criterion is used in conjunction with an ela...

During transportation, there will be vaporization of LNG producing boil-off gas (BOG) and its re-liquefaction is required considering that large volume of BOG to be vented out. A cryogenic refrigeration cycle is utilized in order to re-liquefy the BOG and returns it to the cargo tank. Kapitza and claude are the usually used LNG re-liquefaction cycles. The developments in the processes adopted f...

Torrefaction is an effective pretreatment method to improve the uniformity and quality of lignocellolosic biomass before further thermal processing (e.g., gasification, combustion). The objective of this study was to determine the impacts of torrefaction as a pretreatment before liquefaction. Wood chips were torrefied for 2 h at three different temperatures (230, 260, 290 °C) and then subjected...

The determination of liquefaction potential is required to take into account a large number of parameters, which creates a complex nonlinear structure of the liquefaction phenomenon. The conventional methods rely on simple statistical and empirical relations or charts. However, they cannot characterise these complexities. Genetic algorithms are suited to solve these types of problems. A genetic...