The armed forces and the army are main elements of national power. Military readiness gives real significance to the geography, natural resources, and industrial power. Military elements of national power include military purposes, military doctrines, military strategies and policies (defensive and non-defensive), forces, training, command, military technology, weapons and equipment, military o...

This contribution aims at demonstrating that dual-use policies represent now a dimension central to military R&D policies and should not be understood only as a transfer mechanism between the civilian and the military. The paper investigates the concept of dual-use policies in the framework of Knowledge-Oriented Policies (KOP). Il will elaborate on the conditions of the emergence and developmen...

Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol (XMPP) is a popular open-standard protocol for instant messaging (IM) widely used in military and commercial applications. In military contexts, as in commercial settings, it is often necessary to regulate who may communicate with whom and how. The distributed nature of XMPP makes centralized information exchange policy enforcement impossible, however....

The Institute of Medicine recently called for a tobacco-free military, citing evidence that high rates of tobacco use harm readiness and create enormous costs for the Department of Defense and the Veterans Administration. The pro-tobacco activities of the tobacco industry and others, sometimes supported by military authorities even when prohibited by policy, have created a culture highly hospit...

BACKGROUND Understanding the effectiveness of policies and programs aimed at combating substance abuse in the military requires comparison with the civilian population from which military personnel are drawn. METHODS Standardized comparisons of the use of alcohol, drugs, and cigarettes among military personnel and civilians were conducted with data from the 1985 Worldwide Survey of Alcohol an...

Providing effective health interventions and achieving equity in health need to apply the community-based approaches such as social determinants of health. In the military organizations, these determinants have received less attention from the military health researchers and policymakers. Therefore, this study aimed to identify and explain the social determinants affecting the health of militar...