Although ancient DNA (aDNA) miscoding lesions have been studied since the earliest days of the field, their nature remains a source of debate. A variety of conflicting hypotheses exist about which miscoding lesions constitute true aDNA damage as opposed to PCR polymerase amplification error. Furthermore, considerable disagreement and speculation exists on which specific damage events underlie o...

Introduction Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) are sub-divided into intrahepatic (iCCA) or extrahepatic (eCCA). eCCA further subdivided perihilar (pCCA) and distal (dCCA). Current previous versions of the WHO International Coding Disease Oncology classifications (ICD) have separate topography codes for iCCA eCCA, but none pCCA. Over recent decades, multiple studies report rising incidence rates with dec...

The Endophthalmitis Population Study of Western Australia aims to investigate the epidemiology of endophthalmitis, a potentially sight-threatening infection of the internal eye, in Western Australia in 1980-1998. Cases of endophthalmitis were identified from coded hospital discharge data, surgeon logbooks, and hospital microbiology and anaesthetic databases. This process uncovered not only wide...

Most blood glucose monitoring systems need coding to correct for variation in lots of enzyme, which leads to differences in lots of strips. About 16% of patients miscode the meters, although the magnitude of the miscoding is unstudied. This miscoding has the potential to cause errors as high as 30% and to cause errors in adjusting insulin therapy that could lead to hypoglycemia at least 10% of ...

During decoding, the ribosome selects the correct (cognate) aminoacyl-tRNA (aa-tRNA) from a large pool of incorrect aa-tRNAs through a two-stage mechanism. In the initial selection stage, aa-tRNA is delivered to the ribosome as part of a ternary complex with elongation factor EF-Tu and GTP. Interactions between codon and anticodon lead to activation of the GTPase domain of EF-Tu and GTP hydroly...

Directional transit of the ribosome along the messenger RNA (mRNA) template is a key determinant of the rate and processivity of protein synthesis. Imaging of the multistep translocation mechanism using single-molecule FRET has led to the hypothesis that substrate movements relative to the ribosome resolve through relatively long-lived late intermediates wherein peptidyl-tRNA enters the P site ...

.V-Kiliyl-.V-nitrtisouroll-induced mutations occurring within a ISO-base pair target in the lad gene of Escherìchiacoli were characterized by DNA sequencing. In total, 109 mutations were characterized in a wildtype background and 100 in an excision-repair-deficient (UvrB~) back ground. The majority of mutations induced in the two backgrounds (77 and 85%, respectively) were (.:( = >A:T transiti...

N-Ethyl-N-nitrosourea-induced mutations occurring within a 180-base pair target in the lacI gene of Escherichia coli were characterized by DNA sequencing. In total, 109 mutations were characterized in a wild-type background and 100 in an excision-repair-deficient (UvrB-) background. The majority of mutations induced in the two backgrounds (77 and 85%, respectively) were G:C = greater than A:T t...