The development of experiments capable of probing individual molecules has led to major breakthroughs in fields ranging from molecular electronics to biophysics, allowing direct tests of knowledge derived from macroscopic measurements and enabling new assays that probe population heterogeneities and internal molecular dynamics. Although still somewhat in their infancy, such methods are also bei...

Electrochemistry is promising to study interfacial electron transfers and redox reactions, but its lack of access molecular structural information limits understanding on complicated systems. Complementary optical spectroscopic measurements in situ become necessary visualize the electrochemical processes, providing electronic identification reactants products. Recent advancement instrumentation...

The effect of adsorption on molecular properties and reactivity is a central topic in interfacial physical chemistry. At electrochemical interfaces, adsorbed molecules may lose their electrochemical activity. The absence of in situ probes has hindered our understanding of this phenomenon and electrode reactions in general. In this work, classical electrochemistry and electrochemical scanning tu...

3.6.1. Polishing and Cleaning 2663 3.6.2. Vacuum and Heat Treatments 2664 3.6.3. Carbon Electrode Activation 2665 3.7. Summary and Generalizations 2666 4. Advanced Carbon Electrode Materials 2666 4.1. Microfabricated Carbon Thin Films 2666 4.2. Boron-Doped Diamond for Electrochemistry 2668 4.3. Fibers and Nanotubes 2669 4.4. Carbon Composite Electrodes 2674 5. Carbon Surface Modification 2675 5...

Examination of the aqueous electrochemistry of a Co(II) complex bearing a pentadentate ligand suggests that the catalytic current corresponding to water oxidation is molecular in origin, and does not emanate exclusively from Co-oxide phases formed in situ.

One crucial parameter that determines surface reactivity or device functionality in a large variety of applications, such as heterogeneous catalysis, electrochemical energy conversion schemes, biotechnology or molecular electronics, is the adsorption geometry of the (re)active molecules. Accessing adsorbate orientation in relation to specific surface sites in situ or in operando is a first cruc...