schizophrenia is a severe psychiatric illness with a lifetime prevalence of ˜1% that imposes a huge toll on patients, their families and public health services worldwide. delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior and negative symptoms constitute the core symptoms of schizophrenia. although the neurotransmitter dopamine plays a prominent role in t...

the central cholinergic system has been associated with cognitive function and memory and acetylcholine plays an important role during the early stages of memory consolidation. in this study, after training mice were tested with one way active avoidance procedure and retention were tested at 4, 8, 12, 16 and 24 hours of training and compared with non-shocked mice, in which it took 24 hours, a s...

up to date, there are four pharmacologically characterized subtypes of muscarinic receptors (m1, m2, m3 and m4). in our study we have investigated muscarinic receptor subtypes in smooth muscle layers of human stomach. isolated preparations of longitudinal and circular muscle layers from human stomach were used. acetylcholine, bethanechol, carbachol, pilocarpine and ahr -602 produced concentrati...

conclusions these results showed an inhibitory effect for the extract of asafetida on muscarinic receptors of tracheal smooth muscle. results the ec50 obtained in the presence of higher concentration of the extract muscle was significantly higher compared to saline (p < 0.01). the maximum responses to methacholine in the presence of higher concentration of the extract (10 mg/ml) was significant...

Several lines of evidence have indicated that many nuclei in the brain including preoptic nucleus, AV3V, subfornical organ, septal area and lateral hypothalamus are the targets of efferents from chemo-sensitive and pressure-sensitive systems. These areas may concern with regulation of fluid homeostasis. In the present study, intracerebroventricular injections were carried out in all experiments...

Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) (nomenclature as agreed by the NC-IUPHAR Subcommittee on Acetylcholine Receptors [53]) are activated endogenous agonist acetylcholine. All five (M1-M5) mAChRs ubiquitously expressed in human body and therefore attractive targets for many disorders. Functionally, M1, M3, M5 preferentially couple to Gq/11 proteins, whilst M2 M4 predominantly Gi/o protei...

Key points Stimulation of postsynaptic muscarinic receptors was shown to excite principal hippocampal neurons by modulating several membrane ion conductances. We show here that activation also causes neuronal excitation inhibiting Na+/K+-ATPase activity. Muscarinic inhibition is mediated two separate signalling pathways lead downstream enhanced phosphorylation activating protein kinase C and G....

Several lines of evidence have indicated that many nuclei in the brain including preoptic nucleus, AV3V, subfornical organ, septal area and lateral hypothalamus are the targets of efferents from chemo-sensitive and pressure-sensitive systems. These areas may concern with regulation of fluid homeostasis. In the present study, intracerebroventricular injections were carried out in all experiments...

Many inhibitory neurotransmitters in the brain activate Kir3 channels by stimulating pertussis toxin (PTX)-sensitive G-protein-coupled receptors. Here, we investigated the regulation of native muscarinic receptors and Kir3 channels expressed in NGF-differentiated PC12 cells, which are similar to sympathetic neurons. Quantitative reverse transcription-PCR and immunocytochemistry revealed that NG...

BACKGROUND A safe and effective ultra-short-acting nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent is required to block nicotinic receptors to facilitate intubation. Rapacuronium, which sought to fulfill these criteria, was withdrawn from clinical use due to a high incidence of bronchospasm resulting in death. Understanding the mechanism by which rapacuronium induces fatal bronchospasm is imperati...