Since 2001, outbreaks of Nipah virus have occurred almost every year in Bangladesh with high case-fatality rates. Epidemiological data suggest that in Bangladesh, Nipah virus is transmitted from the natural reservoir, fruit bats, to humans via consumption of date palm sap contaminated by bats, with subsequent human-to-human transmission. To experimentally investigate this epidemiological associ...

Human Nipah outbreaks recur in a specific region and time of year in Bangladesh. Fruit bats are the reservoir host for Nipah virus. We identified 23 introductions of Nipah virus into human populations in central and northwestern Bangladesh from 2001 through 2007. Ten introductions affected multiple persons (median 10). Illness onset occurred from December through May but not every year. We iden...

OBJECTIVE In March 2007, we investigated a cluster of Nipah encephalitis to identify risk factors for Nipah infection in Bangladesh. METHODS We defined confirmed Nipah cases by the presence of IgM and IgG antibodies against Nipah virus in serum. Case-patients, who resided in the same village during the outbreak period but died before serum could be collected, were classified as probable cases...

Background and Objective: Nipah virus is an emerging zoonotic virus which caused fatal outbreak among Malaysian pig-farmers in 1998-1999. The Nipah virus outbreak represented one of the batderived paramyxoviruses that have emerged during the last decade to cause severe human and animal disease. Long-term neurological assessments and serological pattern descriptions are limited. We assessed pers...

Based on epidemiological data, it is believed that human-to-human transmission plays an important role in Nipah virus outbreaks. No experimental data are currently available on the potential routes of human-to-human transmission of Nipah virus. In a first dose-finding experiment in Syrian hamsters, it was shown that Nipah virus was predominantly shed via the respiratory tract within nasal and o...

s retrieved for examination Rabies n=114 Nipah virus n=89 Dengue n=118 SARS n=110 AI=107 Papers retrieved for detailed examination Rabies n=16 Nipah virus n=13 Dengue n=51 SARS n=20 AI=21 Papers assessed for methodological quality Rabies n=6 Nipah virus n=7 Dengue n=35 SARS n=5 AI=11 Papers included in the systematic review Rabies n=5 Nipah virus n=7 Dengue n=31 SARS n=5 AI=9 Papers excluded af...

Characterization of recent outbreaks of fatal encephalitis in southeast Asia identified the causative agent to be a previously unrecognized enveloped negative-strand RNA virus of the Paramyxoviridae family, Nipah virus. One feature linking Nipah virus to this family is a conserved cysteine-rich domain that is the hallmark of paramyxovirus V proteins. The V proteins of other paramyxovirus specie...

An encephalitis outbreak was investigated in Faridpur District, Bangladesh, in April-May 2004 to determine the cause of the outbreak and risk factors for disease. Biologic specimens were tested for Nipah virus. Surfaces were evaluated for Nipah virus contamination by using reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR). Thirty-six cases of Nipah virus illness were identified; 75% of case-patients died. Mul...

Nipah viruses from pigs from a Malaysian 1998 outbreak were isolated and sequenced. At least two different Nipah virus strains, including a previously unreported strain, were identified. The findings highlight the possibility that the Malaysia outbreaks had two origins of Nipah virus infections.

The Nipah virus that caused a fatal outbreak among Malaysian pig-farmers in 1998-1999 was known to cause relapsed and late-onset encephalitis. We report 2 patients with relapsed and one patient with late-onset encephalitis up to 53 months after the initial infection. Two of the patients were husband and wife and they developed relapsed and late-onset encephalitis within 5 days of each other. Th...