The effect of Persian bee propolis and pollen extracts on innate immune response of rainbow trout (Onchorhynchus mykiss) was investigated. Fish were fed diets containing 1% Pollen, 1% propolis and combination of the two immune-stimulants (0.5% Pollen and 0.5% propolis) as treatment groups and fed without the two immune-stimulants as positive and negative control groups for 4 weeks. The effects ...

Processed antigen reacts selectively with lymphocytes bearing .appropriate surface immunoglobulin molecules resulting in the clonal proliferation of these cells, produc­ing circulating immunoglobulin (humoral immunity) or non-circulating immunoglobulins (cellular immunity).  High levels of circulating immunoglobulins (lgM & lgG) occur in protozoa and helminths infections. Reaginic antibodies a...

Most immunologists focus on elaborate non-specific and antigen-specific factors of reactive immunity produced by the vertebrate lymphoid system. Modern principles of immunogenic prophylaxis and therapy are based solely on the use of these agents. There is, however, a more effective system of specific resistance which is shared by all forms of life: hereditary constitutional immunity to infectio...

The course of lethal cryptococcosis in mice was modified by immunization with the same strain or different strains of Cryptococcus neoformans. Protection was associated with a definite decrease in tissue fungus multiplication over the initial 7 days of infection. Such immunity was species-specific and did not protect against heterologous challenge with Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoni...

This study was carried out with the aim of detecting the dietary effects of isoflavone-genistein on hematological and immunological parameters in beluga, Huso huso in a 12-week feeding period. Five isonitrogenous (45% crude protein) and isoenergetic (19.5 MJ kg -1) diets were formulated to contain four graded levels of isoflavone-genistein, namely 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8 and 1.6 g kg-1 diet. Fish (ini...