as claimed by many behavioral scientists, designing should be based on the knowledge of interaction between human and environment. environmental quality is also created in the context in which humans interact with their environment. to achieve such quality, designers should develop appropriate models for explaining this relationship, and this requires an understanding of human nature and the en...

As claimed by many behavioral scientists, designing should be based on the knowledge of interaction between human and environment. Environmental quality is also created in the context in which humans interact with their environment. To achieve such quality, designers should develop appropriate models for explaining this relationship, and this requires an understanding of human nature and the en...

This article addresses the issue of "objectivism vs constructivism" in two areas, biology and cognitive science, which are intermediate between the natural sciences such as physics (where objectivism is dominant) and the human and social sciences (where constructivism is widespread). The issues in biology and in cognitive science are intimately related; in each of these twin areas, the "objecti...

The currently prevailing paradigms of evaluation in medical/health informatics are reviewed. Some problems with application of the objectivist approach to the evaluation of real-rather than simulated-(health) information systems are identified. The rigorous application of the objectivist approach, which was developed for laboratory experiments, is difficult to adapt to the evaluation of informa...

An important challenge to color objectivists, who hold that statements concerning color are made true or false by objective (non-subject-involving) facts, is the argument from interpersonal variation in where normal observers locate the unique hues. Recently, an attractive objectivist response to the argument has been proposed that draws on the semantics of gradable adjectives and which does no...

The Internet opens a new generation of distance education ( fourth generation ), introducing sophisticated delivery tools and creating a paradigm shift with profound implications on the design of distance education courses. In order to accommodate this medium, novel curriculum design and learning models may be appropriate. In this paper, there are several instructional design models presented a...

In common with most other important philosophical topics, no settled consensus has emerged regarding the correct understanding of probability. Views that take probabilities to be relative frequencies, or degrees of belief, or irreducible chancy properties of systems remain viable, but none is without serious problems. One division that remains resilient is that between subjectivist and objectiv...