In this paper, the effect of ocean-land mixed propagation path on the lightning performance of grounding rods is investigated. This effect is focused on two problems. The first is extracting exact equivalent circuit of grounding rods in the presence of oceans. The equivalent circuit can be used in transient analysis of power systems in the neighboring oceans. In the second one, this effect on t...

When the surface impedance of the earth along the propagation direction changes abruptly, the ground wave is strongly affected as it occurs when the radio wave traverses a coastline from the land to the sea [1]-[8]. In this study, we shall obtain the integral representation for the ground wave propagation over the land-to-sea mixed-path by applying the aperture field method. Then by applying th...

The interrannual variability of coastal sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies confined off Senegal is explored from a new viewpoint of the ocean-land-atmosphere interaction. The phenomenon may be classified into "coastal Niño/Niña" in the North Atlantic as discussed recently in the Northeastern Pacific and Southeastern Indian Oceans. The interannual variability of the regional mixed-layer tem...

Observations from aircraft, an island station, and two research vessels are used to investigate the development of an elevated mixed layer or land plume over the Arabian sea during the Indian Ocean Experiment Intensive Field Phase 1999 (INDOEX) through air mass modification. Much of the transport of aerosols and gases occurs in this plume located above a well-mixed convective marine boundary la...

[1] This study uses TRMM lightning and radar observations to study the fundamental relationship between precipitation ice mass and lightning flash density. The results indicate that the physical assumptions of precipitation-based charging and mixed phase precipitation development are robust and that on a global scale, the relationship between precipitation ice water path and lightning flash den...

Integrations of coupled climate models with mixed-layer and fixed-current ocean components are used to explore the climatic response to varying magnitudes of ocean circulation. Four mixed-layer ocean experiments without ocean heat transports are performed using two different atmosphere–land components—the new GFDL AM2 and the GFDL Manabe Climate Model (MCM)—and two different sea ice components,...

In this study, the authors used Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission precipitation radar (TRMM PR) data to investigate changes in the actual (attenuation corrected) surface backscattering cross section ( e) due to changes in surface conditions induced by rainfall, the effects of changes in e on the path integrated attenuation (PIA) estimates by surface reference techniques (SRTs), and the effect...

1. Land: New inversion algorithm implemented. 2. Land: Valid range of AOD extended to -0.1 3. Land: Aerosol models now based on Dubovik (2002) and new geographic distribution 4. Land: Surface reflectance relationships a function of vegetation index and scattering angle. 5. Land: Subpixel snow mask implemented 6. Land: Cloud mask adjusted and QA flag set to 0 in some situations. 7. Land: Mass co...

[1] Simulations of warming climates with coupled climate models exhibit strong land-ocean contrasts in changes in surface temperature and relative humidity, but little land-ocean contrast in changes in equivalent potential temperature. A theory that assumes equal changes in equivalent potential temperature over land and ocean captures the simulated land-ocean warming contrast in the tropics if ...

The 2019–2020 Australian wildfire crisis broke the historical bushfire record and heavily contaminated continental offshore atmosphere. This study found that lightning strokes increase considerably, by 73% over land 270% ocean, during season. Thermodynamic parameters support a weaker forcing, unfavorable for frequent activity ocean. Clear augmentation of smaller cloud ice particles is identifie...