Osmolarity is an important process variable during the cultivation of mammalian cells in vitro. Cell culture medium is designed to have osmolarity in the range of 260 and 320 milliosmoles (mOsm), basically to mimic the osmolarity of serum at 290 mOsm/kg. Fragmented information on the response of hybridoma cells to elevated osmolarity is available. A decrease in cell growth and an increase in an...

PURPOSE To study the association between tear osmolarity and dry eye severity grade, based on a modified Dry Eye Workshop (DEWS) scale, and between osmolarity and the signs and symptoms that determine dry eye disease severity. METHODS Nineteen patients with dry eye disease were asked to complete an evaluation of dry eye signs and symptoms composed of the Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) qu...

Aim. To determine the effects of hemodialysis (HD) on tear osmolarity and to define the blood biochemical tests correlating with tear osmolarity among patients with end stage renal disease (ESRD). Material-Method. Tear osmolarity of ESRD patients before and after the hemodialysis program was determined as well as the blood biochemical data including glucose, sodium, potassium, calcium, urea, an...

Despite high relevance of tear osmolarity and eye abnormality, numerous methods for detecting tear osmolarity rely upon expensive osmometers. We report a reliable method for simply determining sodium ion-based osmolarity in artificial tears using sequential DNAzymes. When sodium ion-specific DNAzyme and peroxidase-like DNAzyme were used as a sensing and detecting probe, respectively, the concen...

The effect of perivascular osmolarity on the diameter of pial arteries was studied in cats by the microapplication technique. Between 251 and 360 mosmoles/ liter, concentration-response curves were obtained for single vessels. Constriction occurred when perivascular osmolarity was decreased below 317 mosmoles /liter, and dilation occurred at osmolarities above this value. The effect was the sam...

A fresh water protozoan Paramecium multimicronucleatum adapted to a given solution was found to swell until the osmotic pressure difference between the cytosol and the solution balanced the cytosolic pressure. The cytosolic pressure was generated as the cell swelled osmotically. When either one or both of these pressures was somehow modified, cell volume would change until a new balance between...

Lyme disease, caused by Borrelia burgdorferi, is a vector-borne illness that requires the bacteria to adapt to distinctly different environments in its tick vector and various mammalian hosts. Effective colonization (acquisition phase) of a tick requires the bacteria to adapt to tick midgut physiology. Successful transmission (transmission phase) to a mammal requires the bacteria to sense and r...

Escherichia coli responds to an increase in medium osmolarity by accumulating K+ and glutamate. At low osmolarity a large fraction of cytoplasmic K+ serves to balance charge on macromolecular anions. That fraction of K+ is here referred to as "bound," as distinguished from "free" K+ that serves to balance charge of small anions. At higher osmolarity where cytoplasmic K+ increases markedly, the ...

Purpose: In this prospective study we show the influence of Intense Pulsed Light Therapy (IPL) on tear osmolarity, an increasingly important metric of dry eye disease. Previous studies have measured the effectiveness IPL has had on other metrics including tear break up time (TBUT), lipid layer grade (LLG), tear evaporation rate (TER), tear meniscus height (TMH), and subjective responses from pa...