! Most of the defense, corporate, and civilian systems today are Internet-based. The trustworthiness of these Internet-based systems heavily depends on their security characteristics. It has been forecasted by national defense experts that the next big terrorist threat is a cyber-war, alongside this, the current Obama administration has also given much importance to strengthening cyber-security...

Bonavita (1) found that the reaction of pyridoxal (PAL) and of pyridoxal 5•Œ-phosphate (PAL-P) with cyanide in a slightly alkaline solution produced highly fluorescent compounds and this reaction has been applied to fluoro metric determination of PAL and PAL-P as "cyanohydrin method" . Recently it was found that PAL and PAL-P were oxidized with oxygen by a catalytic action of cyanide to 4pyrido...

BACKGROUND Physical activity is associated with reduced risks of many chronic diseases. Data collected on physical activity in large epidemiological studies is often based on paper questionnaires. The validity of these questionnaires is debated, and more effective methods are needed. OBJECTIVE This study evaluates repeated measures of physical activity level (PAL) and the feasibility of using...

Wounding lettuce (Lactuca sativa L., var. Longifolia) leaves induced an eight-fold increase in the activity of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL; EC 4.3.1.5), and the subsequent accumulation of phenolic compounds and tissue browning at 10 C. PAL is a key enzyme in the synthesis of phenolic compounds. A PAL cDNA was previously isolated by reverse-transcription PCR using total RNA from wounded let...

The pharmacokinetics of spray dried composition (1:1 PAL: K12) and pure PAL was evaluated following oral administration (0.8 mg/kg) in healthy female Sprague Dawley rats. The extent of the mean plasma exposures of PAL was 11-fold higher in animals treated with spray dried mixture of PAL, K12 (1:1) compared to animals treated with PAL. Spray drying of PAL with Plasdones, especially Plasdone K12,...

Learn-and-Optimize (LaO) is a generic surrogate based method for parameter tuning combining learning and optimization. In this paper LaO is used to tune Divide-and-Evolve (DaE), an Evolutionary Algorithm for AI Planning. The LaO framework makes it possible to learn the relation between some features describing a given instance and the optimal parameters for this instance, thus it enables to ext...

l-Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) activity is low in the external layers (flavedo) of intact mature grapefruit peel. Flavedo discs evince upon incubation increasing PAL activity and ethylene production. Light has no effect in enhancing PAL activity in discs. Exogenous ethylene stimulates PAL activity in the flavedo of intact mature grapefruits (half maximum stimulation at 15 ppm); such activi...

The Tol-Pal system of gram-negative bacteria is composed of five proteins. TolA, TolQ, and TolR are inner membrane proteins, TolB is a periplasmic protein, and Pal, the peptidoglycan-associated lipoprotein, is anchored to the outer membrane. In this study, the roles of Pal and major lipoprotein Lpp were compared in Escherichia coli. lpp and tol-pal mutations have previously been found to pertur...