over half of all reported traumatic brain injuries are the result of a motor vehicle accident. other then the direct head impact itself, the sheer forces of the accident can cause the brain also to collide against the internal bone of the skull. in fact, when a moving head comes to a quick stop, the brain continues in its movement, striking the interior of the skull. this can cause bruising of ...

results the basic mechanism of hepatic ischemia – reperfusion injury is one of blood deprivation during ischemia, followed by the return of flow during reperfusion. it involves a complex series of events, such as mitochondrial deenergization, adenosine-5'-triphosphate depletion, alterations of electrolyte homeostasis, as well as kupffer cell activation, oxidative stress changes and upregulation...

background: nonspecific symptoms are common in all areas of medicine. patients and caregivers can be frustrated when an illness cannot be reduced to a discrete pathophysiological process that corresponds with the symptoms. we therefore asked the following questions: 1) which demographic factors and psychological comorbidities are associated with change from an initial diagnosis of nonspecific a...

women die of cardiovascular disorders even more than a combination of breast cancer, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and lung cancer. recent data show that while 1 out of 2.6 women die of coronary artery disease (cad), only 1 out of 4.6 die from cancer. whereas some studies show an increase in the age-adjusted mortality of cad in both women and men, some other studies report an i...

social stigma is a major challenge among the patients with mental illness, their families and the health care providers. not only the patient with psychological disorders, but also who has an infectious disease suffer social stigma. stigma refers to an extreme and unusual disapproval of a person from the other members of society. stigma is a greek word that in its origins referred to a type of ...

the use of deep brain stimulation in psychiatric disorders has received great interest owing to the small risk of the operation, the reversible nature of the technique, and the possibility of optimizing treatment postoperatively. currently deep brain stimulation in psychiatry is investigated for obsessive-compulsive disorder, gilles de la tourette’s syndrome and major depression. this presentat...

acute respiratory distress syndrome (ards) is a complex disorder of heterogeneous etiologies characterized by a consistent, recognizable pattern of lung injury and a potentially devastating form of acute inflammatory lung injury with a high short-term mortality rate and significant long-term consequences among survivors. recently, the new definition of ards has been published, and this definiti...

  Background: Nonspecific symptoms are common in all areas of medicine. Patients and caregivers can be frustrated when an illness cannot be reduced to a discrete pathophysiological process that corresponds with the symptoms. We therefore asked the following questions: 1) Which demographic factors and psychological comorbidities are associated with change from an initial diagnosis of nonspecific...

the most important risk factors for anxiety disorders include genes, early life stress, and current stress. these factors do not act independently but interact with each other throughout human development through examples such as epigenetic modifications and complex forms of learning. the neural substrate of pathological anxiety includes hyperactivity in the amygdala and other limbic brain regi...