Introduction: Radiotherapy with heavy charged particles such as protons and carbon ions (hadron therapy) has been recognized as an advanced technique for the treatment of various cancers. For some indications such as pediatric and radio-resistant tumors, it is considered the preferred method. However, despite its remarkable benefits, development of hadron therapy centers in the...

The treatment of patient with differentiated carcinoma of thyroid consists of three stages, surgery, I 1.1.i ablation and hormone therapy. To avoid the problems mentioned in the article, initially the patient should have thyroid scan, T.1 , T4, thyroglobulin estimation and a chest x-ray, prior to surgery which should be carried out by a competent surgeon, in order that total thyroidectomy can b...

Background:  This study presents patient specific and organ dose estimation in computed tomography (CT) imaging of thorax directly from patient CT image using Monte Carlo simulation.  Patient's CT image is considered as the patient specific phantom and the best representative of patient physical index in order to calculate specific organ dose. Materials and Methods: EGSnrc /BEAMnr...

maintaining dignity and respect is among patients’ most fundamental rights. the importance of patient dignity, the status quo, patients’ needs, and a shortage of survey studies in this area were the underlying incentives for conducting this study. this was a cross-sectional descriptive study in which data were collected through patient dignity inventory (pdi). the questionnaire was completed by...