Patronage, expansively conceived as covering all forms of bias and discrimination, is pervasive in organisations and professions, including academia. Four key types of academic patronage operate through decisions made, processes used, assistance given to individuals and personal interactions. Some forms of patronage, especially discrimination on the basis of gender and ethnicity, have come unde...

We study the design of promotions in an organization where agents belong to groups that advance their cause. Examples and applications include political groups, ethnicities, agents motivated by the work in the public sector and corruption. In an overlapping generations model, juniors compete for promotions. Seniors have two kinds of discretion: direct discretion which allows an immediate advanc...

To what extent do international financial fluctuations influence patronage politics in developing countries? While many scholars have analyzed the sources of patronage and how it can be detrimental for both economic development and democracy, patronage politics has been analyzed as a purely domestic phenomenon. This ignores, however, the consequences of international markets fluctuations, and i...

This study investigates the manner in which corporate philanthropy affects consumer patronage toward a brand. In so doing, we propose reciprocity as a key mechanism, which manifests the effect of corporate philanthropy on patronage behavior, and examine how vicarious licensing and strategic fit would mitigate the relationship between reciprocity and patronage behavior. The results indicate that...

Many factors, both obvious and subtle, influence customers’ store patronage intentions. Using videotape technology that enabled us to experimentally manipulate the number of visible store employees, number of customers, and music, we test the relative importance of wait expectations and store atmosphere evaluations on patronage intentions. These constructs are found to be critical antecedents o...

I combine newly digitized personnel and public finance data from the British colonial administration 1854-1966 to study how patronage affects the promotion and performance of governors. Governors are more likely to be promoted to higher salaried colonies when connected to their superior during the period of patronage. Once allocated, they provide more tax exemptions, raise less revenue, and inv...

The aim of this review was to estimate the influence of patronage nurses on breastfeeding. A retrospective research was conducted in the form of telephone questionnaire on a total of 25 subjects. Eighteen (72%) mothers had previous experience with breastfeeding, while 7 (28%) had no such experience. In 18 (72%) mothers, patronage nurses assessed the technique of breastfeeding because of difficu...

they winked at it. Virtually it amounts to this, that the Civil Surgeon is allowed to nominate his successor, and that he is guided in his nomination by the price offered to him. This practice is no doubt very pleasant for the Civil Surgeons. But it is hardly conducive to the interests of those who are unlucky enough to require medical advice. We should be very sorry to be the man, great and su...

Though not unfamiliar to scholarship on premodern Japan, the concept of patronage has been treated unevenly and unsystematically. The term is most commonly found in studies by art historians, but even they have frequently dealt with it indirectly or tangentially. The same is true of the study of the history of religion, despite the fact that patronage was fundamental to the establishment and gr...

The observation that patronage politics and expectations of ethnic favouritism tend to go together reflects a well documented consensus among scholars who study either patronage or ethnicity. There is no consensus, however, on the cause of this association. The principal variables that have been suggested to account for this association include institutional legacies that privilege ethnic ident...