This paper determines all arc-transitive pentavalent graphs of order 4pq, where q > p > 5 are primes. The cases p = 1, 2, 3 and p = q is a prime have been treated previously by Hua et al. [Pentavalent symmetric graphs of order 2pq, Discrete Math. 311 (2011), 2259-2267], Hua and Feng [Pentavalent symmetric graphs of order 8p, J. Beijing Jiaotong University 35 (2011), 132-135], Guo et al. [Pentav...

Let Γ be a graph and let G be a group of automorphisms of Γ. The graph Γ is called G-normal if G is normal in the automorphism group of Γ. Let T be a finite non-abelian simple group and let G = T l with l ≥ 1. In this paper we prove that if every connected pentavalent symmetric T -vertex-transitive graph is T -normal, then every connected pentavalent symmetric G-vertex-transitive graph is G-nor...

A liquid pentavalent vaccine containing DTwP-HepB-Hib was incorporated in the Universal Immunization Program of India with the funding from Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization (GAVI). India introduced pentavalent vaccine in two states namely, Andhra Pradesh and Kerala in 2011. The combination vaccine offers simplification of immunization schedule, reduced cost, better acceptance and l...

Rotavirus vaccine was introduced in El Salvador in 2006 and is recommended to be given concomitantly with DTP-HepB-Haemophilus influenzae type b (pentavalent) vaccine at ages 2 months (upper age limit 15 weeks) and 4 months (upper age limit 8 months) of age. However, rotavirus vaccination coverage continues to lag behind that of pentavalent vaccine, even in years when national rotavirus vaccine...

The clostridial neurotoxin (CNT) family includes botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT), serotypes A, B, E, and F of which can cause human botulism, and tetanus neurotoxin (TeNT), which is the causative agent of tetanus. This suggests that the greatest need is for a multivalent or multiagent vaccine that provides protection against all 5 agents. In this study, we investigated the feasibility of generating...

BACKGROUND Current therapies for cutaneous leishmaniasis are limited by poor efficacy, long-term course of treatment, and the development of resistance. We evaluated if pentavalent antimony (an anti-parasitic drug) combined with imiquimod (an immunomodulator) was more effective than pentavalent antimony alone in patients who had not previously been treated. METHODS A randomized double-blind c...

Background Within Pakistan, estimates of vaccination coverage with the pentavalent vaccine, oral polio vaccine (OPV) and measles vaccine (MV) in 2011 were reported to be 74%, 75% and 53%, respectively. These national estimates may mask regional variation. The reasons for this variation have not been explored. Methods Data from the Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS) for Balochistan and ...

The RV144 Thai trial HIV-1 vaccine of recombinant poxvirus (ALVAC) and recombinant HIV-1 gp120 subtype B/subtype E (B/E) proteins demonstrated 31% vaccine efficacy. Here we design an ALVAC/Pentavalent B/E/E/E/E vaccine to increase the diversity of gp120 motifs in the immunogen to elicit a broader antibody response and enhance protection. We find that immunization of rhesus macaques with the pen...