An oil spill is the accidental or intentional discharge of petroleum products into the environment due to human activities. Although oil spills are actually just a little percent of the total world oil pollution problem, they represent the most visible form of it. The impact on the ecosystems can be severe as well as the impact on economic activities. Oil spill cleanup is a very difficult and e...

List of Abbreviations CIIAPTER ONE General Introduction Pollution of Saudi Arabian soil with crude oil Chemistry and biodegradability of petroleum hydrocarbon Environmental fate of petroleum Factors influencing petroleum hydrocarbon biodegradation Distribution of petroleum-utilizing microorganisms in the environment Biological degradation of petroleum hydrocarbon Bacterial degradation of oil Fu...

Study of a mature petroleum play in the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin (WCSB) indicates that the spatial distribution of petroleum accumulations exhibits a self-affinity characteristic. This characteristic motivated the examination of a fractal model for a quantitative description of petroleum resource spatial distribution. The proposed approach transforms the spatial information with respect...

The health risk resulting from benzene exposure in petroleum refineries was calculated using data from the scientific literature from various countries throughout the world. The exposure data was collated into four scenarios from petroleum refinery environments and plotted as cumulative probability distributions (CPD) plots. Health risk was evaluated for each scenario using the Hazard Quotient ...

Petroleum exploration and production is an industry that provides researchers with multi-variant challenging “real world” properties. Recently, some petroleum soft computing techniques have gained a greater interest in prediction within the oil industry. This paper is interested in the analysis, classifying, mining and predictions, based on fuzzy as an intelligent system and an intelligent syst...

A method is described for extracting the petroleum from petroleum-bearing ̄uid inclusions hosted in the diagenetic cements of sedimentary rocks, whilst minimising contamination from petroleum in the pore space. A clean-up technique, involving the addition of extraction standards to the rock prior to analysis, has been developed that allows increased con®dence that the hydrocarbons extracted are...

Unexpected price spikes in petroleum can lead to instability in markets and have a negative economic effect on sectors which rely on petroleum consumption. Sudden rises in the price of petroleum do not have to be long-term to cause negative, cascading impacts across the economy. Firms which make futures purchases or hedge against a higher price during a price spike can become insolvent when the...

Biomass allocation is an important plant trait that responds plastically to environmental heterogeneities. However, the effects on this trait of pollutants owing to human activities remain largely unknown. In this study, we investigated the response of biomass allocation of Phragmites australis to petroleum pollution by a ¹³CO₂ pulse-labelling technique. Our data show that plant biomass signifi...

Several petroleum pitches have been prepared by thermal treatment of various petroleum-derived residues such as clarified oil, aromatic extract and pyrolysis tars. These pitches were characterized physico-chemically (softening point, coking value, QI, & TI) and instrumentally (NMR) and compared. Attempts have been made to correlate physicochemical properties of petroleum residues and pitches wi...

2. Normative reference The standards cited at the appropriate places in this standard are as follows. For these reference standards, their latest version (including the Supplements) shall be applied. JIS K 0124 General rules for high performance liquid chromatography JIS K 2249 Crude petroleum and petroleum products Determination of density and petroleum measurement tables based on a reference ...