Based on dual coding theory, this study predicted that pictorial typography (PT), a device involving direct visual integration of a written word into a picture of its referent, is more effective for ESL children’s pre-literacy skills, than the non-integrated paring of word and picture on flashcards (FC). The two types of instruction were given to thirty-two Korean children aged six and seven, b...

It was a quasi-experimental study because the study involved in training participants in twoclasses each containing about 5 to 6 years old pre-primary students. To this end, fifty studentsparticipated in the study who were studying at Misagh School in Tabriz. In order to makesure of their homogeneity, the researcher administered a pre-test. Based on the results, 40students were selected as the ...

As an attempt to follow through on the claims made by proponents of intentional vocabulary learning, the present study set out to examine whether and how digital flashcards can be incorporated into a university course to promote the vocabulary learning of English language learners. The overall research findings underscore the value of learning vocabulary with digital flashcards as an alternativ...

The simplicity of flashcards makes them ideally suited for memorizing word lists on small, mobile devices but flashcards are not well suited to subjects that require more sophisticated organizational structure. Legal outlines, for example, do not lend themselves well to the simple associative lists of flashcards. We describe how we adapted and enhanced user-interface design techniques so that t...

This project aims to find effective ways of classifying collections of short texts such as Twitter tweets or flashcards into meaningful categories. Specifically, my aim is to classify collections of flashcards in a spaced repetition system, which is a program used to manage large collections of flashcards, widely used to learn and review bodies of knowledge such as foreign languages, medical sp...

The spacing effect—that is, the benefit of spacing learning events apart rather than massing them together—has been demonstrated in hundreds of experiments, but is not well known to educators or learners. I investigated the spacing effect in the realistic context of flashcard use. Learners often divide flashcards into relatively small stacks, but compared to a large stack, small stacks decrease...

A growing number of physics teachers are currently turning to instructional technologies such as wireless handheld response systems —colloquially called clickers. Two possible rationales may explain the growing interest in these devices. The first is the presumption that clickers are more effective instructional instruments. The second rationale is somewhat reminiscent of Martin Davis’ declarat...

According to a recent survey, it is common for students to study two topics at the same time using flashcards, and students who do so virtually always keep the topics separate instead of mixing flashcards together (Wissman, Rawson, & Pyc, 2012). We predicted that mixing might be a relatively easy way to increase learning efficiency because mixing increases the spacing between repetitions of a g...

INTRODUCTION A large body of evidence indicates that retrieval practice (test-enhanced learning) and spaced repetition increase long-term information retention. Implementation of these strategies in medical curricula is unfortunately limited. However, students may choose to apply them autonomously when preparing for high-stakes, cumulative assessments, such as the United States Medical Licensin...

CONTEXT The superiority of retesting over restudying in terms of knowledge retention and skills acquisition has been proven in both laboratory and classroom settings, as well as in doctors' practice. However, it is still unclear how important retesting strategies are to the learning of relevant factual knowledge in undergraduate medical education. METHODS Eighty students in Years 3-5 of medic...