We have developed the Rabbit Corneal Epithelial (RCE) Model to evaluate the in vitro eye irritation potential of chemicals including pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and their raw ingredients. In the model, a stratified culture of rabbit corneal epithelial cells is grown at the air-liquid interface on an amnion acting as a parabasal membrane. The alkaline exposure was restored each day in the presenc...

The chemical composition of polysorbate 80 strongly influences the physicochemical properties and performance of many products. Consequently, a reliable characterization of polysorbate 80 is crucial for many applications. However, the exact composition of these chemical mixtures cannot be determined by colorimetry, hydrolysis, size-exclusion chromatography, nuclear magnetic resonance or mass sp...

We have previously reported a new preparation method for liposomes using supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) as a solvent, referred to as the supercritical carbon dioxide reverse phase evaporation (scRPE) method. In our previous work, addition of ethanol to scCO2 as a co-solvent was needed, because lipid molecules had to be dissolved in scCO2 to form liposomes. In this new study, niosomes (non...

Polysorbates 20 and 80 (Tween 20 and Tween 80) are used in the formulation of biotherapeutic products for both preventing surface adsorption and as stabilizers against protein aggregation. The polysorbates are amphipathic, nonionic surfactants composed of fatty acid esters of polyoxyethylene sorbitan being polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate for polysorbate 20 and polyoxyethylene sorbitan mono...

Sir Karl Popper is well known for explicating science in falsificationist terms, for which his degree of corroboration formalism, C(h,e,b), has become little more than a symbol. For example, de Queiroz and Poe in this issue argue that C(h,e,b) reduces to a single relative (conditional) probability, p(e,hb), the likelihood of evidence e, given both hypothesis h and background knowledge b, and in...

Union Carbide Witco Chemical Aerosol 22 Aerosol A-102 Aerosol 18 Aerosol OS Cyanamer P-35 Ethofat 242/25 Ethofat C/15 Ethomid HT/60 Ethomeen 18/60 Merpol DA Zelec DX Duponol ST Merpol F Alkanol S Flakes Duponol WA Dry Duponol WA Paste Duponol WAQ Duponol ME Dry FC-134 FC-170 FC-172 LSD-2 LSD-6 Dequest 2000 Dequest 2006 EMA Grade 11 EMA Grade 61 ID-2721 Lomar PW Nopcosant L Tamol SN Tamol 731-25...

We have studied the rheological properties of mixtures of polyoxyethylene (10 mol) phytosterol (PhyEO(10)) and polyoxyethylene (10 mol) cholesterol (ChEO(10)) mixed in different ratios along with tetraethylene glycol monododecyl ether (C(12)EO(4)) surfactants in water. Addition of C(12)EO(4) to the aqueous solution of a mixture of (PhyEO(10) + ChEO(10)) results in one-dimensional micellar growt...