a three-step selective photo-ionization for gd155 and gd157 isotopes by pulsed laser wasevaluated numerically. due to large thermal neutron absorption cross sections, these two isotopes innatural gadolinium are good candidates as burnable poison to control reactivity early in the fuel cycleand allow extended fuel burn up. rate equations have been used to calculate the dynamics of the isotopepop...

This short review aims to summarize the current developments and applications of mass spectrometry-based methods for in situ profiling and imaging of plants with minimal or no sample pre-treatment or manipulation. Infrared-laser ablation electrospray ionization and UV-laser desorption/ionization methods are reviewed. The underlying mechanisms of the ionization techniques-namely, laser ablation ...

We use high-order harmonic spectroscopy to study ionization dynamics in a macroscopic target with tunable density, spanning over six orders of magnitude. In an situ pump-probe experiment, the is prepared at different densities varying degrees laser-induced ionization. High-order radiation generated pre-ionized target, and steepening decrease yield observed for increasing pre-ionization, allowin...

The equilibrium, stability, and trapping of dust particles associated with vertical motions in the plasma sheath and pre-sheath are calculated, taking into account the dependence of the variables (such as dust charge, ion flow velocity, etc.) on the local position in the sheath/pre-sheath region of a collisional plasma with an ionization source. It is demonstrated that an increase of the rate o...

Spectral analysis needs the observation of lines of successive ionization stages in order to evaluate the ionization equilibrium (of a particular species) which is a sensitive indicator for the effective temperature (Teff). Since stars with Teff as high as 100 000K have their flux maximum in the extreme ultraviolet (EUV) wavelength range and due to the high degree of ionization, most of the met...

First, a globally-averaged RF plasma model is used to investigate exit conditions immediately following a RF pre-ionization stage. Analysis shows that reducing pulse duration from 10 to 10 seconds increases peak ion energy fraction by 17% (from 16 to 33%) and doubles final conductivity. Pulse waveforms are square in nature, and ion energy fraction is defined in this work as the percentage of to...