The vomeronasal system (VNS) of rodents participates in the regulation of a variety of social and sexual behaviours related to semiochemical communication. All rodents studied so far possess two parallel pathways from the vomeronasal organ (VNO) to the accessory olfactory bulb (AOB). These segregated afferences express either Gi2 or Go protein alpha-subunits and innervate the rostral or caudal ...

Integrated Precipitable Water Vapor (IPWV) derived from GPS, water vapor radiometer WVR-1100 and RAdiosonde OBservation (RAOB) have been compared for the Cagliari site (Italy) on a seasonal and annual bases. The comparison analysis on estimating IPWV among the three independent techniques (GPS, WVR-110 and RAOB) has shown high accuracy equal to 0.136 cm with a bias of )0.049 cm throughout 1999....

The atmospheric temperature profiles (ATPs) retrieved through the geostationary Interferometric Infrared Sounder (GIIRS) onboard FY-4A satellite (GIIRS/FY-4A) can effectively fill gap of scarce conventional sounding data in Taklimakan Desert (TD), second largest desert world, with an area 330,000 square kilometers. In this study, we take experimental radiosonde observations (RAOB) from one RAOB...

Total Precipitable Water (TPW) in a column of atmosphere is one of the important parameters useful for a number of meteorological applications. In the present study, a neural network based algorithm has been developed for the retrieval of TPW using NOAA-16 AMSU measurements. The TPW has been derived experimentally using NOAA-16 AMSU measurements locally received from High Resolution Picture Tra...

Proceeding on a purely physical basis, Thompson and Collins employed in their pilot study observed winds to compute divergence over a triangular area in the Midwest. From this divergence vertical motion was then derived using continuity considerations and, with observed moisture, was used to compute the average rate of precipitation over the area. Their procedure was completely numerical and d...

A physical retrieval algorithm has been developed for deriving the legacy atmospheric profile (LAP) product from infrared radiances of the Advanced Baseline Imager (ABI) on board the next-generation Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES-R) series. In this study, the GOES-R ABI LAP retrieval algorithm is applied to the GOES-13 sounder radiance measurements (termed the GOES-13 L...

Atmospheric temperature and humidity retrievals from ground-based microwave remote sensing are useful in a variety of meteorological environmental applications. Though the influence clouds is usually considered current retrieval algorithms, resulting estimates still biased high overcast conditions compared to radiosonde observations. Therefore, there need improve quality cloudy conditions. This...

Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) Radio Occultation (RO) data play an essential role in improving numerical weather prediction (NWP) and monitoring climate change. The NOAA Commercial RO Purchase Program (CDP) purchased provided by Spire Inc. To ensure the quality from is consistent with other missions, we need to quantify their accuracy retrieval uncertainty carefully. In this work, We...

Since stratospheric turbulence (Stratoturb) is becoming an increased concern to the Air Force, the threat of damage to aircraft must be addressed. Therefore, the Air Force Weather Agency (AFWA) requests an accurate Stratoturb forecast model. In 2002, The Mountain Wave Forecast Model (MWFM) was modified in order to develop a Stratoturb forecast tool. Turbulence forecasts generated twice daily by...

Accurate high-resolution atmospheric temperature profiles are essential for precisely characterizing the evolution of atmosphere and developing numerical forecasts. Atmospheric datasets, such as ERA5 (the fifth-generation ECMWF Reanalysis) MERRA-2 Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis Research Applications, Version 2), provide global continuous profiles, with fine vertical distribution horizontal r...