the purpose of this study is to investigate the relation between identity styles and commitment with quality of friendship among the students in third grade of high school. 400 participants from nineteen educational districts were chosen randomly. three quesnonnaires were used: identity style inventory, the quality of friendship, the reciprocity of friendship . the results indicated that inform...

People exhibit group reciprocity when they retaliate, not against the person who harmed them, but against somebody else in that person's group. Group reciprocity may be a key motivation behind intergroup conflict. We investigated group reciprocity in a laboratory experiment. After a group identity manipulation, subjects played a Prisoner's Dilemma with others from different groups. Subjects the...

Linear orderings are an open problem for a uni ed theory of reciprocity, which, in a nutshell, can be stated in the following terms. The semantic spectrum of each other is notoriously wide. Theoreticians agree that three schema are particularly signi cant in this spectrum: strong reciprocity, weak reciprocity and linear orderings (see e.g. Beck, 2001; Gillon, 2003). Linear orderings are irrecon...

2 The reciprocity problem 3 2.1 Quadratic reciprocity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2.2 Cubic reciprocity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 2.3 Biquadratic reciprocity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 2.4 Generalization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 2.5 Hilber...

This paper provides evidence about the determinants of trust and reciprocal inclinations, that is, a tendency for people to respond in kind to hostile or kind actions, in a representative setting. We investigate the prevalence of reciprocity in the population, the correlation between trust and positive and negative reciprocal inclinations within person, the individual determinants of reciprocit...

Reciprocity is often invoked to explain cooperation. Reciprocity is cognitively demanding, and both direct and indirect reciprocity require that individuals store information about the propensity of their partners to cooperate. By contrast, generalized reciprocity, wherein individuals help on the condition that they received help previously, only relies on whether an individual received help in...

Reciprocity is central to our understanding of politics. Most political exchanges-whether they involve legislative vote trading, interbranch bargaining, constituent service, or even the corrupt exchange of public resources for private wealth-require reciprocity. But how does reciprocity arise? Do government officials learn reciprocity while holding office, or do recruitment and selection practi...

Indirect reciprocity occurs when the cooperative behavior between two individuals is contingent on their previous behavior toward others. Previous theoretical analysis indicates that indirect reciprocity can evolve if individuals use an image-scoring strategy. In this paper, we show that, when errors are added, indirect reciprocity cannot be based on an image-scoring strategy. However, if indiv...