in german, a relative clause is marked by relative pronoun, which agrees withtheir head noun in gender and number. however, relative clauses in farsi arealways introduced by using a conjunction “ke”. this difference could be iranianand german learners when learning languages, german and farsi to confrontdifficulties. the present study focuses on relativisation strategies based ontypological ana...

Accessibility hierarchies (Ariel, 1990, 2001; Givón, 1992; Gundel, Hedberg, & Zacharski, 1993) assume that the form of anaphoric expressions signals the relative saliency of the antecedent. We argue that the form of relative pronouns in relative clauses has a similar function and therefore influences attachment preferences. We conducted two questionnaire experiments in which we investigated whe...

Prescriptive and descriptive grammars of Hungarian frequently discuss variation in the choice of relative pronoun in Hungarian. This paper presents quantitative data about some long standing questions raised by prescriptivists, and a phenomenon that has not been explored: the lack of agreement between the pronoun and the antecedent in Colloquial Hungarian. The study presented here is based on t...

This paper investigates three linguistic features—wawation, the 1CS genitive clitic pronoun, and relative pronoun—that are shared between ancient epigraphic forms of Arabic modern dialects, to exclusion Classical Arabic. I suggest that these features represent earliest layer dialects.

Psychological investigations of pronoun resolution have implicitly assumed that the processes involved automatically provide a unique referent for every pronoun. We challenge this assumption and propose a new framework for studying pronoun resolution. Drawing on advances in discourse representation and global memory modeling, this framework suggests that automatic processes may not always ident...

In addition to its use as complementizer or relativizer (henceforth optional that), that can also occur as a demonstrative determiner (henceforth determiner that) or pronoun (henceforth pronoun that). So, if the embedded subject of a complement or relative clause begins with determiner that, (3a), or if the subject is a pronoun that, (3b), speakers have the option to avoid uttering two adjacent...

This paper presents novel psycholinguistic evidence on the factors governing pronoun resolution in German. To determine the relative influence of linear order versus grammatical function of potential referents in the German Mittelfeld on pronoun interpretation, an interpretation-preference task was run on 23 German natives. Subjects chose the preferred referent for fully ambiguous personal pron...

tsimpli and dimitrakopoulou (2007) observed that uninterpretable features are unavailable in second language (l2) acquisition after the critical period. in this paper, we verify this claim by providing evidence from persian speaking learners of english as an l2 on the status of resumptive pronouns (rps) as uniterpretable features. unlike english which does not allow rps, persian shows various b...