— Singapore’s shores have been extensively modifi ed to meet the rising demands of economic and recreational activities, and seawalls are a resultant ubiquitous feature of the island state’s coastline. In spite of the harsh environmental conditions, seawalls in Singapore are known to harbour rich intertidal communities. This study surveyed the hard coral assemblages at zones immediately above a...

Worldwide, urbanisation has resulted in extensive replacement of natural habitats with man-made habitats. In Sydney Harbour, Australia, approximately half of the natural foreshore has been replaced by seawalls. Many of these have wharves built over part of their length, which could affect intertidal assemblages on seawalls beneath the wharves. This was tested by sampling and comparing assemblag...

Global seascapes are increasingly modified to support high levels of human activity in the coastal zone. Modifications include the addition of defense structures and boating infrastructure, such as seawalls and marinas that replace natural habitats. Artificial structures support different macrofaunal communities to those found on natural rocky shores; however, little is known about differences ...

The distribution of intertidal organisms can often be determined by processes operating at the time of recruitment. Recruitment has been demonstrated to influence the composition of assemblages of natural habitats, but there is less evidence of its importance in artificial habitats. Coastal areas are becoming increasingly urbanised, with the replacement of many natural habitats by man-made stru...

Following progressive urbanisation of coastal areas, artificial structures are becoming common features of landscapes in shallow waters. Despite this, few studies have focused on the ecological role of these structures or have attempted to assess the extent to which they can act as surrogates for natural habitats. This study investigated whether colonisation of space can determine the occurrenc...

The Pacific coast of the Tohoku region of Japan experiences repeated tsunamis, with the most recent events having occurred in 1896, 1933, 1960, and 2011. These events have caused large loss of life and damage throughout the coastal region. There is uncertainty about the degree to which seawalls reduce deaths and building damage during tsunamis in Japan. On the one hand they provide physical pro...

Seawalls are built for Protecting of beaches against waves and preventing the progression of water to the beach. For a proper understanding about these constructions, a suiTable information about applied loads on these constructions should be existed. One of the important load that applied on these constructions is sea wave. Others loads are included: weight force of the walls, weight force of ...