airway remodelling is characterized by the thickening and reorganization of the airways seen in mustard  lung patients. mustard lung is the  general description  for  the  chronic obstructive  pulmonary  disease induced  by  sulfur  mustard(sm). pulmonary  disease was diagnosed as the most important  disorder in individuals that had been exposed to sulfur mustard. sulfur mustard is a chemical w...

oral lichen planus (olp) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the oral mucosa which is considered by the world health organization (who) as a premalignant condition. one step in malignant development is so called epithelial mesenchymal transition (emt), a process whereby epithelial cells acquire mesenchymal characteristics. a factor known to induce emt is the transforming growth factor-β (tgf-β...

The Smad proteins transduce the signal of transforming growth factor-p (TGF-P) and related factors from the cell surface to the nucleus. Following C-terminal phosphorylation by a corresponding receptor kinase, the R-Smad proteins form heteromeric complexes with Smad4. These complexes translocate into the nucleus, bind specific transcriptional activators and DNA, ultimately modulating gene expre...

Systems theory of Smad signalling Clarke et al 2 Abstract Transforming Growth Factor-β (TGFβ) signalling is an important regulator of cellular growth and differentiation. The principal intracellular mediators of TGFβ signalling are the Smad proteins, which upon TGFβ stimulation accumulate in the nucleus and regulate transcription of target genes. To investigate the mechanisms of Smad nuclear ac...

The transforming growth factor-beta superfamily is thought to be involved in the regulation and control of growth and differentiation. These growth factors signal through transmembrane serine/threonine kinase receptors. The activation of type I receptor kinase phosphorylates a family of intracellular signalling proteins called Smads. In the present study, we wanted to localize type I and type I...

Transforming growth factor-beta (TGFbeta) signalling is an important regulator of cellular growth and differentiation. The principal intracellular mediators of TGFbeta signalling are the Smad proteins, which upon TGFbeta stimulation accumulate in the nucleus and regulate the transcription of target genes. To investigate the mechanisms of Smad nuclear accumulation, we developed a simple mathemat...

Liver fibrosis is characterized by changes in tissue architecture and extracellular matrix composition. Liver fibrosis affects not only hepatocytes but also the non-parenchymal cells such as hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), which are essential for maintaining an intact liver structure and function. Transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) is a multifunctional cytokine that induces liver fibrosis th...