Nails can act as a protective, defensive and beauty cover of the phalanges. The dermatologic disorders as well as the systemic diseases and trauma can produce change in the nails. Normal variations of nails are important to recognize and distinguish from nail diseases. There is not enough information about the prevalence of nail disorders in children. In this study, we have determined the preva...

We hypothesize that nails have an automatic curvature feature and that their flat shape is maintained by the daily upward mechanical forces from the finger/toe pad. Thus, nail deformities, such as pincer nail, spoon nail, and koilonychias, may be caused by an imbalance between these forces and can be treated by controlling these forces. Here, we report the case of a 55-year-old man whose severe...

Koilonychia is a nail abnormality characterized by thin, brittle, and spoon-shaped nails. It is frequently observed in chronic iron deficiency secondary to malnutrition, chronic blood loss, or malabsorption. It may also be idiopathic or related to occupation and rare systemic disorders. Presence of koilonychia should prompt investigations for iron deficiency.

Although surgical treatment of nail conditions can be traced back centuries to the writings of Paul Aegineta (625-690 AC), little is known about the physical laws governing nail growth. Such a poor understanding together with the increasing number of nail salons in the high street should raise legitimate concerns regarding the different procedures applied to nails. An understanding of the physi...

Knowledge of the anatomy and function of the nail apparatus is essential when performing the physical examination. Inspection may reveal localized nail abnormalities that should be treated, or may provide clues to an underlying systemic disease that requires further workup. Excessive keratinaceous material under the nail bed in a distal and lateral distribution should prompt an evaluation for o...

The current study examined the rate of expulsions and mouth cleans across 3 presentation methods (upright spoon, flipped spoon, Nuk brush) for a 3-year-old girl with a feeding disorder. The participant expelled all bites presented on an upright spoon. Results showed reduced rates of expulsions and increased mouth cleans during the flipped spoon and Nuk brush presentation methods.

McCarty and colleagues (1999) developed the elevated spoon task to measure motor planning in human infants. In this task, a spoon containing food was placed on an elevated apparatus that supported both ends of the spoon. The handle was oriented to the left or right on different trials. We presented naïve adult rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) with the elevated spoon problem, and observed how mon...

Feeding development in infants is important not only for of the purpose of acquiring nutrition but also for developing the ability to intake liquids. Our previous study showed that the introduction of a straw was appropriate after an infant has acquired the ability to sip liquid from a spoon and/or cup. In this study, we investigated the effect of a bowlshaped spoon on liquid intake. The aim of...

Behavioral economic concepts were applied to the analysis and treatment of pediatric feeding disorders in a clinical setting. In Experiment 1, children who chronically refused food were presented with varying amounts of food on a spoon (empty, dipped, quarter, half, and level). Each child exhibited a different but orderly demand function of response (acceptance, expulsion, and mouth clean) by c...

This article presents Spoon, a library for the analysis and transformation of Java source code. Spoon enables Java developers to write a large range of domain-specific analyses and transformations in an easy and concise manner. Spoon analyses and transformations are written in plain Java. With Spoon, developers do not need to dive into parsing, to hack a compiler infrastructure, or to master a ...