introduction: aphallia is a very rare urogenital anomaly with incidence rate of 1 in 30,000,000. it usually coexists with other anomalies such as cardiovascular anomalies which are incompatible with normal life, and therefore infants are delivered stillbirth or live for a very short period of time. methods: we present an 18 months old boy with aphallia associated with congenital urethrorectal f...

chipped stones, like many other archaeological artifacts, change in their original context. one of the most important changes is breakage. although it is clear that chipped stones which are gathered by archaeologists might have been broken, there have been few discussions made on the estimating the original number of chipped stones before breaking. in this article we have introduced different m...

conclusions laparoscopic cholecystectomy is a safe and feasible technique to manage cholecystocutaneous fistulas. case presentation a 55-year-old male with comorbidities presented with a discharging sinus at the right upper quadrant area after an abdominal wall abscess drainage. a computerized tomography scan showed a biliary fistula. laparoscopic cholecystectomy was carried out successfully. i...

1. Urinary stones 1.1 Pathogenesis 1.2 Classification of stones 1.2.1 Calcium stones 1.2.2 Uric Acid Stones 1.2.3 Magnesium Ammonium Phosphate Stones, struvite or infection stones 1.2.4 Cystine 1.3 Risk factors 1.3.1 Non-genetic factors 1.3.1.1 Diet 1.3.1.2 Body size 1.3.1.3 Environment 1.3.2 Genetic factors 2. Other urological stones: Testicular microlithiasis 3. Biliary and gallbladder stones...

BACKGROUND To develop a method for systematic classification of gallbladder stones, analyze the clinical characteristics of each type of stone and provide a theoretical basis for the study of the formation mechanism of different types of gallbladder stones. METHODOLOGY A total of 807 consecutive patients with gallbladder stones were enrolled and their gallstones were studied. The material com...

urolithiasis has become a worldwide problem with the prevalence of the disease increasing over the past few decades. while various treatment modalities have evolved over the years, discrepancies exist regarding the clinical indications and the efficacy of each of these treatment options. in the present review, we aim to review the current treatment modalities for urinary tract stones to provide...