results the tlr3 protein in the ach group tended toward reduction although the p value of the comparison between the ach group and hd group was not statistically significant. the tlr3 levels in the hcc, ac, and cir groups were higher than those in the hd and ach groups. tlr3 was not interrelated with all costimulation proteins in the dcs and t cells in all five groups. no group presented any in...

Background: Toll-like receptors (TLRs) form the major family of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) which are involved in the innate immunity. They recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) in bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites. In human, 10 members of this family have been identified so far. Among these TLRs, TLR3, 7, 8 and 9 designed to recognize nucleic acids and expresse...

TLR3 senses viral dsRNA in endolysosomes. The TLR3 ectodomain is cleaved by proteases such as cathepsins in endolysosomes. It remains controversial whether the N-terminal fragment of TLR3 ectodomain (TLR3N) is cleaved off or remains associated with the C-terminal TLR3 fragment (TLR3C). In addition to endosomes, TLR3 is reported to be expressed on the surface of human fibroblasts, but not of hum...

We examined the role of TLR3 in Th2-driven pulmonary granulomatous disease, using wildtype (TLR3(+/+)) and TLR3 gene-deficient (TLR3(-/-)) mice in a well-established model of Schistosoma mansoni egg-induced pulmonary granuloma. The intravenous bolus injection of S. mansoni eggs into S. mansoni-sensitized TLR3(+/+) mice was associated with an increase in TLR3 transcript expression in alveolar ma...

TLR3 is known to respond to dsRNA from viruses, apoptotic cells, and/or necrotic cells. Dying cells are a rich source of ligands that can activate TLRs, such as TLR3. TLR3 expressed in the liver is likely to be a mediator of innate activation and inflammation in the liver. The importance of this function of TLR3 during acute hepatitis has not previously been fully explored. We used the mouse mo...

BACKGROUND Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) is an acute inflammatory vesiculobullous reaction of the skin and mucosa, often including the ocular surface, and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) occurs with its progression. Although SJS/TEN is thought to be initiated by certain types of medication coupled with possible infection. In the present study we examined the multiplicative interaction(s) betw...

BACKGROUND The nucleus accumbens in the midbrain dopamine limbic system plays a key role in cocaine addiction. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are important pattern-recognition receptors (PPRs) in the innate immune system that are also involved in drug dependence; however, the detailed mechanism is largely unknown. METHODS The present study was designed to investigate the potential role of TLR3 in...

INTRODUCTION Abnormal toll-like receptor (TLR)3 signaling plays an indispensable role in pathogenesis of both experimental and human rheumatoid arthritis, and microRNAs (miRNAs) might orchestrate this signaling pathway. This study was performed to determine the relationship between miR-26a and TLR3 in rat macrophages and to observe effects of miR-26a mimic on pristane induced arthritis (PIA) in...

BACKGROUND Toll-like Receptor 3 (TLR3) detects viral dsRNA during viral infection. However, most natural viral dsRNAs are poor activators of TLR3 in cell-based systems, leading us to hypothesize that TLR3 needs additional factors to be activated by viral dsRNAs. The anti-microbial peptide LL37 is the only known human member of the cathelicidin family of anti-microbial peptides. LL37 complexes w...