Thyroid dysfunction has been implicated as a cause of reversible cognitive impairment and as such, the thyroid stimulating hormone has long been part of the screening laboratory test for dementia. Recently, several population-based studies demonstrated an association between hypo- or hyperthyroidism and Alzheimer's disease. This review discusses the role of thyroid hormone in the normal develop...

Thyroid hormone is a critical regulator of growth, development, and metabolism in virtually all tissues, and altered thyroid status affects many organs and systems. Although for many years testis has been regarded as a thyroid hormone unresponsive organ, it is now evident that thyroid hormone plays an important role in testicular development and function. A considerable amount of data show that...

OBJECTIVE Overt and subclinical hypothyroidism are risk factors for atherosclerosis. It is unclear whether thyroid hormone levels within the normal range are also associated with atherosclerosis measured by coronary artery calcium (CAC). APPROACH AND RESULTS We conducted a cross-sectional study of 41 403 apparently healthy young and middle-aged men and women with normal thyroid hormone levels...

Endocrine disruptors are man-made chemicals that can disrupt the synthesis, circulating levels, and peripheral action of hormones. The disruption of sex hormones was subject of intensive research, but thyroid hormone synthesis and signaling are now also recognized as important targets of endocrine disruptors. The neurological development of mammals is largely dependent on normal thyroid hormone...

· Growth hormone (GH), which is essential for growth · Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), which regulates thyroid function · Prolactin (PRL), which is essential for lactation · Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing hormone (LH), which are essential for ovulation in female animals and sperm production in male animals · Adrenocorticotroph hormone (ACTH), which stimulates the adrenal ...

Papillary thyroid cancer is a common endocrine malignancy. Although p21-activated kinase 4 (PAK4) is involved in the development of different types of tumor, its function has not been investigated in papillary thyroid cancer. Here, we identified a role for PAK4 in papillary thyroid cancer progression. Levels of PAK4 and PAK4 phosphorylated at serine 474 correlated significantly with tumor size ...

In adequate iodine intake including and a number of environmental agents can affect thyroid gland functions in man and animals. Thiocyanate and catechin that arise for the consumption of cyanogenic and flavonoids containing foods respectively, affect thyroid hormone synthesis but the data comparing the goitrogenic/ antithyroid potentiality of thiocyanate and catechin when act individually or sy...

Formaldehyde (HCHO) exposure in industry causes health impairment, especially immune profile. Male albino rats when exposed to HCHO at 5, 10, 15 mg/kg day for 30 days showed decrease in thyroid weight in 10, 15 mg/kg/day HCHO fed group with commensurate follicular regression (epithelial cells), decreased triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxin (T4) deficiency and enhanced thyroid stimulating hormone (T...

Currently, the position of the American Thyroid Association is that hypothyroidism causes symptoms of metabolic slowing due to inadequate production of thyroid hormone by the thyroid gland; it is diagnosed by a lab result of a high thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) level. While hypothyroidism is considered a chronic, incurable condition, the symptoms typically can be controlled by ingestion of ...

Bone development is extremely sensitive to alterations in thyroid status. Recently, we analyzed the skeletal phenotypes of mice with the dominant negative resistance to thyroid hormone (RTH) mutation PV targeted to either the thyroid hormone receptor (TR) alpha1 or beta gene. This perspective summarizes our findings to date and explores the wider implications for thyroid status and T3 target ge...