Reservoir modeling is the process of generating numerical representations of reservoir conditions and properties on the basis of geological, geophysical, and engineering data measured on the Earth’s surface or in depth at a limited number of borehole locations. Therefore, reservoir modeling requires an incorporation of the data from a variety of sources, along with an integration of knowledge a...

The benefits of time-lapse (or 4D) seismic monitoring have been well recognized across the industry worldwide. This work presents three case studies to illustrate the use of 4D seismic data for reservoir surveillance. Figure 1The RMC Base Projects Listing

A large-scale data set including time-lapse (4D) elastic attributes and electrical resistivity is generated with the purpose of testing algorithms for reservoir modeling, reservoir characterization, production forecasting, and especially joint time-lapse monitoring using seismic as well as electromagnetic data. The Stanford VI reservoir, which was originally created by Castro et al. (2005), is ...

In this paper, we demonstrate the feasibility of jointly inverting 4D gravity data collected on the surface and in a borehole setting to characterize fluid contact movement over time. As technology rapidly advances towards a practical borehole gravity meter capable of collecting data in horizontal monitoring wells, the foundations for properly inverting and interpreting these valuable data must...

Hydrocarbon production modifies the stress conditions in the subsurface and changes the model parameters previously estimated from the prospect. The capability to remotely monitor the changes in the reservoir using seismic data has strategic importance since it allows us to infer fluid movement and evolution of stress conditions, which are key factors to enhance recovery and reduce uncertainty ...

There are a number of ongoing developments in the 4D gravity method for time-lapse production and sequestration problems. Complex model construction is an essential component for meaningful feasibility studies and data interpretation in 4D. In the case of oil reservoirs, for example, the 4D gravity method must deal with very small density contrasts at depth, and overly simplistic model represen...

Time-lapse (4D) seismic data sets have proven to be extremely useful for reservoir monitoring. Seismic-derived impedance estimates are commonly used as a 4D attribute to constrain updates to reservoir fluid flow models. However, 4D seismic estimates of P-wave impedance can contain significant errors associated with the effects of seismic noise and the inherent instability of inverse methods. Th...

When redundancy of seismic data exists factorial cokriging enables the estimation of (1) a common part, based on the common spatial behavior, and (2) the differences relative to the common part of the input data. Coléou (2002) first introduced the automatic implementation of factorial co-kriging (AFACK) as a filtering technique for the time-lapse (4D) processing sequence. It was specifically de...

Extensive work has been done in the recent years involving use of conventional and passive seismic data for fracture characterization. This is particularly the case with unconventional reservoirs such as shale gas, shale oil and geothermal fields. The purpose of our study is to combine the benefits of conventional seismic data that provides relatively higher resolution reservoir characteristics...

Hydrocarbon production modifies the stress conditions in the subsurface and changes the model parameters previously estimated from the prospect. The capability to remotely monitor the changes in the reservoir using seismic data has strategic importance since it allows us to infer fluid movement and evolution of stress conditions, which are key factors to enhance recovery and reduce uncertainty ...