introduction one of the best methods in the diagnosis and control of breast cancer is mammography. the importance of mammography is directly related to its value in the detection of breast cancer in the early stages, which leads to a more effective treatment. the purpose of this article was to calculate the x-ray spectrum in a mammography system with monte carlo codes, including mcnpx and mcnp5...

The number of individuals exposed to high levels of tungsten is increasing, yet there is limited knowledge of the potential human health risks. Recently, a cohort of breast cancer patients was left with tungsten in their breasts following testing of a tungsten-based shield during intraoperative radiotherapy. While monitoring tungsten levels in the blood and urine of these patients, we utilized ...

High environmental tungsten levels were identified near the site of a childhood pre-B acute lymphoblastic leukemia cluster; however, a causal link between tungsten and leukemogenesis has not been established. The major site of tungsten deposition is bone, the site of B-cell development. In addition, our in vitro data suggest that developing B lymphocytes are susceptible to tungsten-induced DNA ...

For the first time, both X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and Auger Electron Spectroscopy (AES) techniques were applied in analysis of surface contamination of electrochemically etched Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM) tungsten tips. Carbon monoxide, graphite, tungsten carbide and tungsten oxide were found as main surface contaminations of STM tungsten tips. The thickness of tungsten ox...

Tungsten powder mixed with an appropriate amount of nickel and iron powders is used as raw material to fabricate large-scale tungsten whisker-like structure. The morphology, microstructure and composition of the whisker-like tungsten are observed and tested by scanning electron microscope and FESEM, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction, respectively. The m...

The tungsten metallome of the hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus has been investigated using electroanalytical metal analysis and native-native 2D-PAGE with the radioactive tungsten isotope (187)W (t(1/2) = 23.9 h). P. furiosus cells have an intracellular tungsten concentration of 29 μM, of which ca. 30% appears to be free tungsten, probably in the form of tungstate or polytungstate...

In this study the use titanium and tungsten as alternatives to the noble metals in the jewellery industry was investigated. The degradation of titanium and tungsten were compared to that of gold, used as reference. Alternate immersion tests were performed in 3.5% sodium chloride and artificial perspiration. The metals’ abrasion resistance with respect to textile fabrics was determined. ...

In order to limit the dispersive use of lead on small arms firing ranges, 5.56-mm bullets with tungsten-nylon composite material cores have been fired at a number of Army training ranges. Tungsten in bullet residues oxidizes when exposed to the atmosphere, yielding an amorphous tungsten oxide (WO3) coating. This coating rapidly dissolves to yield the tungstate anion (WO4), which can migrate in ...

The behavior of tungsten as plasma facing material in fusion environment is investigated using molecular dynamics simulation. Tungsten erosion and surface evolution is simulated during irradiation by carbon and deuterium ions. Non-cumulative pure carbon bombardment on crystal tungsten shows that substrate temperature does not affect carbon trapping rate, implantation depth, and tungsten sputter...