The European Commission (EC) has recommended assessing the level of ultraviolet A (UVA) protection afforded by sunscreen products using the in vivo persistent pigment darkening (PPD) method or other methods giving equivalent results. In this context, the reproducibility of the in vivo PPD method is of importance. To check the validity of the UVA protection factor (UVAPF) tests, the Japanese Cos...

Background: Novel approaches to photoprotection must go beyond classical MED measurements, as discoveries on the effect of UV radiation skin paints a more complex and multi-pronged scenario with multitude cell types involved. Of these, photoimmunoprotection emerges crucial factor that protects against cancer photoaging. A novel immune parameter is enabled by precise knowledge wavelength dose so...