Background: Radiotherapy is an important technique of cancer treatment using ionizing radiation. The determination of total dose in reference conditions is an important contribution to uncertainty that could achieve 2%. The source of this uncertainty comes from cavity theory that relates the in-air cavity dose and the dose to water. These correction factors are determined from Monte Carlo calcu...

In this paper, we apply the Markowitz portfolio optimization technique based on mean-variance and semi-variance as measures of risk stocks listed South Pacific Stock Exchange, Fiji. We document key market characteristics consider monthly returns data from SEP-2019 to FEB-2022 (T = 30) 17/19 companies stock exchange construct various portfolios like 1/N (naïve), maximum return, minimum-variance ...