background playing video games in childhood may help achieve advanced laparoscopic skills later in life. the virtual operating room will soon become a reality, as “doctor games 2.0” will doubtlessly begin to incorporate virtual laparoscopic techniques. objectives to teach surgical skills to schoolchildren in order to attract them to urology as a professional choice later in life. materials and ...

Virtual Environment is at the heart of Virtual Reality. High delity environment can become inhabited by virtual lives so that human users will feel immersed in a \real" world. With the unlimited application of VR, Virtual Life becomes a new and promising area. In the view of no clear deenition and explanation on the notion of Virtual Life, this paper has tried to deene and discuss it from a sys...

primary man in trying to find food went everywhere. but by forming ranching arranged a chain of places and became emigrant. by happening industrial revolution, human life was centralized on one place.  places that base on its advantages make different biologic and behavioral types. forming cities in seaboard, river shore, boundary of mountains and champaign cause to make different cultures that...

This article aims to redefine the concept of Thirdspace and make a trilateral relationship between the three concepts of real space, virtual space and the user. To do so, not only the concept of Thirdspace has to be redefined, but also a new understanding of virtual space as a relatively independent space is required. This three-sided relation requires a new understanding of the relationship be...

iran’s industry has had a considerable number of difficulties to perform so well as was expected in the post – revolutionary era. unfavorable legal, political environments combined with eight –year imposed war may be singled out as the root causes of such performances. however, this paper argues that our industry’s lack of realization of its dire need to adapt to the emerging unprecedented envi...

Introduction: One of the consequences of life in today's society is the high prevalence of spinal cord injury, which happens for several reasons. Decreased mobility in these people causes premature fatigue and reduces their quality of life, which leads to diseases. This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of virtual reality-based rehabilitation exercises and reflexology in reducing the fat...