Due to a specific structure of its main organs (root, stem, leaves, and head), sunflower can be successfully grown on marginal soils and in semiarid conditions, and it is more resist‐ ant to abiotic stresses, than other field crops. Unfortunately, it is very sensitive to biotic stresses. In sunflower breeding for resistance to abiotic stresses, the greatest progress has been made in selection f...

One of the fundamental behaviors of plants, being sessile allows them to develop an intricate molecular machinery to adapt themselves to biotic and abiotic challenges experienced in the environment. In response to adapt against a particular stress, a massive transcriptional activity of several genes triggered the defense responses in the plant cell. Extensive research on stress related studies ...

The objectives of this study were to assess the relative importance of either biotic or abiotic oxidation of biomassderived black carbon (BC) and to characterize the surface properties and charge characteristics of oxidized BC. We incubated BC and BC–soil mixtures at two temperatures (30 C and 70 C), with and without microbial inoculation, nutrient addition, or manure amendment for four months....

A large number of microorganisms are responsible for the oxidation of Mn(2+)((aq)) to insoluble Mn(3+/4+) oxides (MnO(x)()) in natural aquatic systems. This paper reports the structure of the biogenic MnO(x)(), including a quantitative analysis of cation vacancies, formed by the freshwater bacterium Leptothrix discophora SP6 (SP6-MnO(x)()). The structure and the morphology of SP6-MnO(x)() were ...

As sessile organisms, plants have to be able to adapt to a continuously changing environment. Plants that perceive some of these changes as stress signals activate signaling pathways to modulate their development and to enable them to survive. The complex responses to environmental cues are to a large extent mediated by plant hormones that together orchestrate the final plant response. The phyt...

In the course of its evolution, plants have developed mechanisms to cope with and adapt to different types of abiotic and biotic stress imposed by the frequently adverse environment. The biology of a cell or cells in tissues is so complicated that with any given stimulus from the environment, multiple pathways of cellular signaling that have complex interactions or crosstalk are activated; thes...

Plants have developed versatile strategies to deal with the great variety of challenging conditions they are exposed to. Among them, the regulation of translation is a common target to finely modulate gene expression both under biotic and abiotic stress situations. Upon environmental challenges, translation is regulated to reduce the consumption of energy and to selectively synthesize proteins ...