The time course for accessing short-term memory representations on the basis of item, phonological, and semantic information was measured with a speed-accuracy tradeoff (SAT) variant of a recognition probe task. Subjects studied 5-word lists and then judged whether a test word (1) was in the study list (item judgment); (2) rhymed with a word in the study list (rhyme judgment); or (3) was a syno...

The experiment tested the hypothesis that free recall is limited by the number of chunks that can be reproduced, not the number of words. Recall of a given word should be higher the fewer chunks are required to encompass the remaining words in the list. To test this, a subset of 12 critical words was embedded in a larger list containing 12 fillers composed either of single words, or three-word ...

We figure out a trap that is not carefully addressed in the previous works using lexicons or ontologies to train or improve distributed word representations: For polysemous words and utterances changing meaning in different contexts, their paraphrases or related entities in a lexicon or an ontology are unreliable and sometimes deteriorate the learning of word representations. Thus, we propose a...

We investigated the possibility that item-to-item associations form between items concurrently included in a capacity-limited region of working memory, but not outside of that region. Many studies indicate a central capacity limit of three to five items (e.g., Cowan Neuropsychologia 49:1401-1406, 2001). Participants received lists of three, six, or nine words along with an orienting task, selec...

Repetition priming of masked word identification is reduced when initial exposure to target words is in a text rather than in a word list. We demonstrate that there is nothing special about the text context that reduces priming. In Experiment 1, target words read in normal text or in rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) text--either coherent or scrambled--produced similarly reduced priming, ...

In two experiments we investigated individual di€erences related to memory errors. In Experiment 1, we conducted an exploratory study of several factors possibly related to the tendency to change source monitoring decisions for an autobiographical memory. We found that only the Dissociative Experiences Scale (DES) was related to this autobiographical memory error. In Experiment 2, we used both ...

The authors examine the repetition blindness effect--the failure to report one of the occurrences of a word presented twice in a rapid list. This phenomenon has been ascribed to inhibitory processes that prevent immediate tokenization of the 2nd occurrence of a repeated word. The authors present several kinds of evidence against that account, including observations that repetition blindness (a)...

This paper describes an approach for combining phoneme and word recognition to produce an accurate N-best list of hypotheses. We run two decoding threads in parallel. The first performs phoneme recognition, while the other performs word recognition on the same recorded utterance. The output of the word recognition thread is returned as the most likely hypothesis, and the result of the phoneme r...

This paper discusses the organization of a single word. It shows that the beginning of a word is the best cue for eliciting that word; the middle is the poorest cue. S was shown a list of words 1 by 1 on a memory drum. (Some lists had 6-letter words and some had 9-letter words.) Then S saw a fragment of the word, and he had to recall the entire word. The fragment was the beginning, or the middl...