Formal models of voting have emphasizd the mean voter theorem, that all parties should rationally adopt identical positions at the electoral mean. The lack of evidence for this assertion is a paradox or contradiction in need of resolution. This article attempts to resolve this paradox by considering an electoral model that includes “valence” or nonpolicy judgements by voters of party leaders. T...

In the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, it was easy to know the public perception of every rank and occupation of society. The Dance of Death was a popular art form that showed in a series of cartoons each person, from king to peasant, from merchant to beggar, from judge to robber in the final rendezvous with Death, with his or her frailties, dishonesty, and hypocrisies mercilessly exposed. The...

From the Arab Spring to the Occupy Movement, social media has been instrumental in driving and supporting socio-political movements throughout the world. In this paper, we present one of the first social media investigations of an activist movement around racial discrimination and police violence, known as "Black Lives Matter". Considering Twitter as a sensor for the broader community's percept...

The new technologies revolution has driven an epistemological rupture between modern and postmodern cartographic research. It fertilized a engineering of construction knowledge based on fivefold foundation: naturalist (descriptive epistemology), normative (prescriptive operational (experimental critical (radical epistemology) activist (epistemology activist). In practice, research is implemente...