Glycation, the nonenzymatic glycosylation of biomolecules, is commonly observed in diabetes and ageing. Reactive dicarbonyl species such as methylglyoxal and glyoxal are thought to be major physiological precursors of glycation. Because these dicarbonyls tend to be formed intracellularly, the levels of advanced glycation end products on cellular proteins are higher than on extracellular ones. T...

This study was designed to evaluate the protective activity of gallic acid (GA) against glyoxal (GO) an advanced glycation intermediate-induced renal fibrosis in experimental rats. Glyoxal (i.p) at a dose of 15 mg/Kg body weight/day for 4 weeks induces renal fibrosis. GA was administered orally (100 mg/Kg body weight/day) along with GO for 4 weeks. The anti-fibrotic activity of GA was analyzed ...

Diabetic neuropathy (DN) is a widespread disabling disorder comprising peripheral nerves' damage. DN develops on a background of hyperglycemia and an entangled metabolic imbalance, mainly oxidative stress. The majority of related pathways like polyol, advanced glycation end products, poly-ADP-ribose polymerase, hexosamine, and protein kinase c all originated from initial oxidative stress. To da...

Advanced glycation end-products and glycoxidation products, such as Nepsilon-(carboxymethyl)lysine (CML) and pentosidine, accumulate in long-lived tissue proteins with age and are implicated in the aging of tissue proteins and in the development of pathology in diabetes, atherosclerosis and other diseases. In this paper we describe a new advanced glycation end-product, Nepsilon-(carboxyethyl)ly...

Protein glycation is involved in structure and stability changes that impair protein functionality, which is associated with several human diseases, such as diabetes and amyloidotic neuropathies (Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and Andrade's syndrome). To understand the relationship of protein glycation with protein dysfunction, unfolding and beta-fibre formation, numerous studies have...

Glycation of proteins is regarded as one of the major causes of the development and progression of diabetic nephropathy. Based on the numerous reports on experimental models and on our own newly developed techniques, we planned to localize Amadori products and advanced glycation end-products (AGEs), as well as the mRNA expression of cytokines, enzymes and their inhibitors, which are responsible...

The glycation of liver histones was studied in rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes, in ethanol (EtOH)-treated rats, and in EtOH-treated diabetic rats. In diabetes, the conditions of glucose-protein addition are more favourable extracellularly in serum and in erythrocytes than in the nucleus. This is indicated by the increased level of serum fructosamine and by the high level of glycated h...

We have previously shown that diabetes significantly enhances apoptosis of osteoblastic cells in vivo and that the enhanced apoptosis contributes to diabetes impaired new bone formation. A potential mechanism is enhanced apoptosis stimulated by advanced glycation end products (AGEs). To investigate this further, an advanced glycation product, carboxymethyl lysine modified collagen (CML-collagen...

Whilst multi-lateral funding for HIV/AIDS dramatically increased from 2004 to 2008, it has largely plateaued in the last 8 years. Across sub-Saharan Africa, up to 20 % of total spending on health is used for HIV services, and of this over 85 % is estimated to come from international funding rather than in-country sources. In Uganda, the fiscal liability to maintain services for all those who ar...