Nowadays generation capacity in traditional grid depends on fossil fuels and contributes significantly to the increase of pollution emission. In deregulated grids in addition to using demand response programs (DRPs) to reducing the cost of electricity production, peak clipping and improve reliability use of green Plants such as hydro plant, wind plant become widespread. In a smart grid, end use...

BACKGROUND Controversy exists over how often and at what age mammography screening should be implemented. Given that evidence supports less frequent screening, the cost differences among advocated screening policies should be better understood. OBJECTIVE To estimate the aggregate cost of mammography screening in the United States in 2010 and compare the costs of policy recommendations by prof...

The principal focus of this study is on the measurement and analysis of labor learnings in Pakistan. The study at the aggregate economy level focus on the labor productivity movements and at large-scale manufacturing level focus on the cost structure, with isolating the contribution of the learning curve. The analysis of S-shaped curve suggests that learnings are only below one half of aggregat...

The paper proposes the money metric utility frontier as the basic unifying concept for an applicable theory of aggregate welfare measurement. The concept is related to conventional index numbers of aggregate real consumption and the aggregate cost-of-living, as well as to consumer surplus. Current developments and controversies, related for example to the use of chain indexes in measuring CPI a...

An identity based signature scheme allows any pair of users to communicate securely and to verify each others signatures without exchanging public key certificates. An aggregate signature scheme is a digital signature scheme which supports aggregation of signatures. Batch verification is a method to verify multiple signatures at once. Aggregate signature is useful in reducing both communication...

We consider an assemble-to-order system with multiple products, multiple components which may be demanded in different quantities by different products, batch ordering of components, random lead times, and lost sales. We model the system as an infinite-horizon Markov decision process under the discounted cost criterion. A control policy specifies when a batch of components should be produced (i...