This paper tries to test the relationship between trade openness and economic growth in Former Soviet Union countries after their independence in 1991. It has become an article of faith in most economic and political circles that opening up the economy to international trade will produce substantial benefits in terms of greater consumer choice and higher living standards. Higher productivity is...

urbanization, population growth and moving from traditional manufacturing industry to accelerate the process of economic development and parallel, significant environmental impacts are left. the purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of different variables such as trade openness, comparative advantage, production levels and other important variables affecting the emission of carbon ...

The primary aspiration of this paper is to learn about the effects economic growth, energy consumption, agriculture and irrigation water consumption productivity on environmental pollution in five countries Central Asia. data cover period from 1992 2020 by applying panel models, namely Panel FMOLS, DOLS ARDL-PMG approaches. results indicate that there a positive long-term impact productivity, e...

We examine how trade openness influences income inequality within countries. The sample includes 139 countries over the period 1970–2014. employ predicted as instrument to deal with endogeneity of openness. effect on differs across Trade tends disproportionately benefit relative shares very poor, but not necessarily all in emerging and developing economies. In most advanced economies, increased...