OBJECTIVES Alzheimer's disease is an age-related neurodegenerative disease and a synaptic function defect disease, the clinical symptoms are mainly progressive cognitive impairment, affecting patient's social function. Aim of this report was to investigate the effect of topiramate on apoptosis-related protein expression (Bcl-2, Survivin, Fas, Bax and Caspase-3) in the hippocampus of a rat model...

Spirochetes, biofilms, and innate immune system activity have all been recently found in the brains of Alzheimer’s disease patients. The mechanism and actions of those factors in producing the disease were discussed in those studies. However, neither the production nor the role of beta amyloid was included in the discussion of those studies. In this commentary, we hypothesize how the developmen...