Influenza vaccination with current inactivated vaccines homologous to the prevalent wild-type virus can reduce influenza illness in 75%-80% of healthy adults. Vaccine is recommended for all individuals with chronic underlying diseases and for those aged 65 years or older. Although influenza vaccination is still advocated for patients with blunted immunity, protection rates are not as high, runn...

It has been reported that amiodarone induces disorders of alveolar macrophages and pulmonary fibrosis, but the mechanism is not well-understood. This study was performed to elucidate the toxic mechanism from the standpoint of cellular function. Using alveolar macrophages obtained from a male Slc:ICR mouse, several injuries caused by amiodarone were compared to those caused by amantadine and mia...

Background: Many studies on Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients affected by Coronavirus-disease-2019 (COVID-19) were recently published. However, the small sample size of infected enrolled in most did not allow to draw robust conclusions COVID-19 impact PD. Objective: We aimed assess whether prevalence and outcome PD are different from those observed general population. Methods: conducted a syste...

The influenza A M2 protein forms a proton channel for virus infection and also mediates virus assembly and budding. The minimum protein length that encodes both functions contains the transmembrane (TM) domain (roughly residues 22-46) for the amantadine-sensitive proton-channel activity and an amphipathic cytoplasmic helix (roughly residues 45-62) for curvature induction and virus budding. Howe...