OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to compare obstetric outcomes and maternal satisfaction in nulliparous women in spontaneous labor who used patient-controlled epidural analgesia (PCEA) vs continuous epidural infusion (CEI). STUDY DESIGN We conducted a double-masked trial of 270 nulliparous women who were assigned randomly to 3 groups (with a concentration 0.1% bupivacaine and 2 μg/mL f...

Epidural analgesia is a common technique used to manage acute pain after major surgery and is viewed as the 'gold standard'. When managed effectively, epidural analgesia is known to reduce the risk of adverse outcomes following major surgery. There are two main classes of medications used in epidural analgesia: opioids and local anaesthetics. Both of these drugs are beneficial in reducing or el...

Labor pain is one of the most challenging experiences encountered by females during their lives. Neuraxial analgesia is the mainstay analgesic for intrapartum pain relief. However, despite the increasing use and undeniable advantages of neuraxial analgesia for labor, there have been concerns regarding undesirable effects on the progression of labor and outcomes. Recent evidence indicates that n...

Ingestion of amniotic fluid or placenta by rats has been shown to enhance several types of opioid-mediated analgesia: that induced by morphine, footshock, vaginal/cervical stimulation, and late pregnancy. This enhancement has also been blocked by administration of opioid antagonists. The present study was designed to examine further the specificity of the enhancement effect for opioid-mediated ...

Inbred mouse lines selectively bred for divergent levels of swim induced analgesia were differed in the ability to escape electric footshock. Mice displaying a high analgesia on a hot plate, after swimming for 3 min at 20 degrees centigrade terminated electric current applied at ascending intensity to the grid floor at a higher value compared to the low analgesia line. The difference was partic...

introduction: post operative pain is an unpleasant experience following various stimuli resulting in a response by the body. this process causes physiological disturbances in all of the systems of the body. methods and materials: in this clinical trial , 60 upper abdominal surgery patients were selected post operatively and divided into two groups of 30 patients each. in one group, bupivacaine ...

caffeine, an adenosine a1, a2a, and a2b receptor antagonist, is frequently used as an adjuvant analgesic in combination with non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or opioids. the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of caffeine on preventing the development of morphine tolerance and analgesia in mice. in this study, different groups of mice received morphine (30 mg/kg) + saline (10 ml/...

objective(s): analgesic effects of oxytocin and it's the other physiological effects were well-known. the aim of present study was determination of nitric oxide role on analgesic effects of oxytocin in mice. materials and methods: 216 male albino mice were divided randomly into two experimental groups, tail flick and formalin test. each experimental group consists of three main groups incl...

materials and methods we divided 30 male wistar rats to three (n = 10) groups; including cr, wh and sham (water only) groups. each group was administered (by gavage) the supplements for an intermediate dosage during 25 days. after this period, they became anesthetized using a ketamine-xylazine (kx) and their time to anesthesia and analgesia, and total sleep time were recorded. results data were...

background: opiate is used in patient-controlled intravenous analgesia pumps (pcia) for controlling pain in post-surgical patients.other drugs are remarkably added to opioid pumps to enhance quality, lengthen analgesia, and reduce side effects. lidocaine, a local anesthetic which inhibits sodium channels, has anesthetic and analgesic effects when injected locally or intravenously. the objective...