Risk, complexity, and uncertainty are inherent components of megaprojects due to their unique features. However, existing project management practices lack a structured synthesis these concepts, which leads unrealistic risk assessments, ineffective strategies, poor performance. In order fill this gap, research aims develop holistic quantification approach incorporating risk-related concepts. Fo...

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The change of land use/land cover has been known as an imperative force in environmental alteration, especially in arid and semi-arid areas. This research was mainly aimed to assess the validity of two major types of land change modeling techniques via a three dimensional approach in Birjand urban watershed located in an arid climatic region of Iran. Thus, a Markovian approach based on two suit...