In the analytic hierarchy process (AHP), the consistency of pairwise comparison is measured by the consistency index (CI) value of pairwise comparison matrices. The CI value is defined by the size and the principal eigenvalue of comparison matrix, and the larger the CI value is, the less consistent pairwise comparison is. In this paper, we propose the estimation method of consistency intervals,...

The present-day spatial distribution of interspecific contact zones and intraspecific phylogeographical breaks provides a window into the past ecological and evolutionary processes that underlie speciation and species ranges. The clustering of contact zones and/or phylogeographical breaks in space indicates the suturing of diverged biotas. The presence of such suture zones indicates that simila...

On-Line Analytical Processing (OLAP) is an analytical technology used to analyse multidimensional data and evaluate complex queries. OLAP is part of a broader technology suite, known as Business Intelligence (BI), which identifies trends in data sets and facilitates better informed choices. The size of data sets requiring processing is growing very fast; this is due to the nature of the data (h...

This paper considers the analytical work of two chemists in Scotland during the second half of the 18 century. It examines their efforts to understand and determine the strength of alkaline salts at a time when quantitative analytical measurement was beginning to be made in a form recognizable by present day chemists. In this period atomic weights and chemical formulae, which we now regard as e...

The potential of IR absorption and Raman spectroscopy for rapid identification of novel psychoactive substances (NPS) has been tested using a set of 221 unsorted seized samples suspected of containing NPS. Both IR and Raman spectra showed large variation between the different sub-classifications of NPS and smaller, but still distinguishable, differences between closely related compounds within ...

BACKGROUND Prognostic models often show poor performance when applied to independent validation data sets. We illustrate how treatment use in a validation set can affect measures of model performance and present the uses and limitations of available analytical methods to account for this using simulated data. METHODS We outline how the use of risk-lowering treatments in a validation set can l...

Hierarchies are an important means to categorize data stored in OLAP systems. OLAP queries follow the drill/slice/dice-paradigm and therefore exhibit navigation patterns that follow the hierarchy of a dimension. In real-world applications, hierarchies are often unbalanced and share levels, resulting in complex hierarchy structures. So far, encoding methods for simple structured hierarchies have...

The selection of a desirable site for constructing a pumped hydro energy storage plant (PHESP) plays a vital important role in the whole life cycle. However, little research has been done on the site selection of PHESP, which affects the rapid development of PHESP. Therefore, this paper aims to select the most ideal PHESP site from numerous candidate alternatives using the multi-criteria decisi...

The demand for efficient software system is increasing day by day. Maintainability is considered as an important quality factor for developing the efficient software system. Recent trends show that mostly software systems are using object-oriented technique to develop the quality software products. Object-oriented approach enhances the maintainability of software system. In literature there are...

A long-standing desire in biological and biomedical sciences is to be able to probe cellular chemistry as biological processes are happening inside living cells. Synchrotron radiation-based Fourier transform infrared (SR-FTIR) spectral microscopy is a label-free and nondestructive analytical technique that can provide spatiotemporal distributions and relative abundances of biomolecules of a spe...