We present an entirely new approach for the representation of intensifying and weakening linguistic hedges in fuzzy set theory, which is primarily based on a crisp ordering relation associated with the term that is modified, as well as on a fuzzy quantifier. With this technique we can generate membership functions for both atomic and modified linguistic terms. We prove that our model respects s...

Evidence suggests that immune system alterations in Down syndrome (DS) may be early events that drive neuropathological and cognitive changes of Alzheimer's disease. The primary objective of this meta-analysis was to investigate whether there is an abnormal cytokine profile in DS patients when compared with healthy control (HC) subjects. A systematic search of Pubmed and Web of Science identifi...

The XML community generally takes trees and hedges as the model for XML document instances and element content. In contrast, Berstel and Boasson have discussed XML documents in the framework of extended context-free grammar, modeling XML documents as Dyck strings and schemas as balanced grammars. How can these two models be brought closer together? We examine the close relatioship between Dyck ...

Groves are of ecological importance, but can reduce the productivity of pastures. They may be used by cattle for nutrition as well as for comfort and shelter. To describe the importance and to estimate the influence of cattle on groves, the behavior of cattle around trees and shrubs was observed on six semi-open pastures in the mountain range of Thuringia and the Southern Black Forest (Germany)...

BACKGROUND Acknowledgment of all serious limitations to research evidence is important for patient care and scientific progress. Formal research on how biomedical authors acknowledge limitations is scarce. OBJECTIVES To assess the extent to which limitations are acknowledged in biomedical publications explicitly, and implicitly by investigating the use of phrases that express uncertainty, so-...

OBJECTIVE To assess the effectiveness of substance abuse interventions for their ability to reduce adolescent alcohol use. DATA SOURCES MEDLINE; PsycINFO; ERIC; Wilson Social Science Abstracts; Criminal Justice Abstracts; Social Work Abstracts; Social Science Citation Index; Dissertations Abstracts International; National Criminal Justice Research Service; Social, Psychological, Criminologica...

The aim of this review and meta-analysis was to critically determine the possible effects of different cooling applications, compared to non-cooling, passive post-exercise strategies, on recovery characteristics after various, exhaustive exercise protocols up to 96 hours (hrs). A total of n = 36 articles were processed in this study. To establish the research question, the PICO-model, according...

Scholars have observed hedges in academic writing, yet the examination of students’ reflective feedback is scarcely found. During Covid-19 pandemic, both teachers and students face difficulty engaging themselves online classes. To figure out how show their attitude, among others, through feedback. One language features pivotal ‘hedge’, a pragmatic feature representing speaker’s tentativeness po...