INTRODUCTION Poisoning is an increasingly important cause of injury in the United States. In 2009 poison centers received 2,479,355 exposure reports, underscoring the role of poison centers in intentional and unintentional injury prevention. Antiretroviral (ARV) agents are commonly prescribed drugs known to cause toxicity, yet the frequency of these incidents is unknown. The objectives of this ...

Out-of-pocket costs are defined as direct and indirect when accessing antiretroviral (ARV) treatment at healthcare centers that aren’t subsidized by the government. While ARV can be accessed for free, diagnostic tests, consultation, opportunistic infections main factor behind low number of People Living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) post-diagnosis. This study aims to understand PLWHA’s behaviors relate...

Public sector price analyses of antiretroviral (ARV) medicines can provide relevant information to detect ARV procurement procedures that do not obtain competitive market prices. Price benchmarks provide a useful tool for programme managers and policy makers to support such planning and policy measures. The aim of the study was to develop regional and global price benchmarks which can be used t...

OBJECTIVE The present paper examines dietary intake and body composition in antiretroviral (ARV)-naïve HIV-positive compared with HIV-negative South African women, as well as the impact of disease severity on these variables. DESIGN Baseline data from a longitudinal study assessing bone health in HIV-negative and HIV-positive premenopausal South African women over 18 years of age were used. A...

HIV atau Human Immunodeficiency Virus adalah sejenis virus yang menyerang/menginfeksi sel darah putih menyebabkan turunnya kekebalan tubuh manusia. Akibat menurunnya maka orang tersebut sangat mudah terkena berbagai penyakit infeksi (infeksi oprtunistik) sering berkaibat fatal. Pengidap memerlukan pengobatan dengan Antiretroviral (ARV) untuk menurunkan jumlah ARV mencegah terjadinya oportunisti...

BACKGROUND Multidrug antiretroviral (ARV) regimens including HAART and short-course dual antiretroviral (sc-dARV) regimens were introduced in 2004 to improve Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission (PMTCT) in Cameroon. We assessed the effectiveness of these regimens from 6-10 weeks and 12 months of age, respectively. METHODOLOGY/FINDINGS We conducted a retrospective cohort study covering t...

Our goal was to describe the presence of HIV drug resistance among HIV-1-infected, antiretroviral (ARV) naïve children and adolescents in Latin America and to examine resistance in these children in relation to drug exposure in the mother. Genotyping was performed on plasma samples obtained at baseline from HIV-1-infected participants in a prospective cohort study in Brazil, Argentina, and Mexi...

With variable degrees, drug-resistant HIV-1 is present in approximately 10%–20% of new infections in Western countries and in 60% of patients failing antiretroviral therapy. Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor mutations are the most common transmitted resistance mutations (4.5%-10%); NRTI (4.0%-4.5%) and PI mutations are less common (2.8%-3.4%)". Integrase mutations are uncommon but ...

In West Africa, where HIV-2 infects up to 1-2 million people [1], antiretroviral therapy (ART) is becoming increasingly available and ART “scaling-up” programs proliferate. Significant numbers of HIV-2-infected individuals will have access to and will be treated with antiretroviral (ARV) drugs developed against HIV-1 infection [2]. However, HIV-2 is intrinsically resistant to the non-nucleoside...

OBJECTIVES To describe socioeconomic and antiretroviral (ARV) drug resistance profiles among young pregnant women infected with HIV-1. SETTING A public health antenatal programme responsible for screening ∼90 000 pregnant women per year for nine different infectious diseases in Central Western Brazil. PARTICIPANTS 96 young pregnant women (15-24 years) infected with HIV-1. PRIMARY AND SECO...