Makoae et al. [1] stated that the development of antiretroviral (ARV) medications in the late 1990’s altered the face of HIV/AIDS, transforming it from a fatal disease into a chronic illness. According to Foundation of Professional Development (FPD) (2010) [2], since the use of the treatment, there have been records of impressive reduction in morbidity and mortality of Human Immune Deficiency V...

Microbicides represent a potential intervention strategy for preventing HIV transmission. Vaginal microbicides would meet the need for a discreet method that women could use to protect themselves against HIV. Although early-generation microbicides failed to demonstrate efficacy, newer candidates are based on more potent antiretroviral (ARV) products. Positive data from the CAPRISA 004 trial of ...

The burgeoning HIV/AIDS epidemic means that more labor and financial resources are being dedicated to the procurement of antiretroviral (ARV) medicines for treatment. While patients, physicians, national governments and development partners are eager to see treatment programs expanded, rapid scaleup often results in circumstances whereby resources have to be spent quickly, and sometimes resourc...

Mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) continues to contribute to the global burden of disease despite great advances in antiretroviral (ARV) treatment and prophylaxis. In this review, we discuss the proposed mechanisms of MTCT, evidence for cell-free and cell-associated transmission in different routes of MTCT, and the impact of ARVs on virus levels and trans...

A virologic marker, the number of HIV RNA copies or viral load, is currently used to evaluate antiretroviral (ARV) therapies in AIDS clinical trials. This marker can be used to assess the ARV potency of therapies, but is easily affected by drug exposures, drug resistance and other factors during the long-term treatment evaluation process. HIV dynamic studies have significantly contributed to th...

BACKGROUND Subtype C is the most prevalent HIV-1 subtype in the world, mainly in countries with the highest HIV prevalence. However, few studies have evaluated the impact of antiretroviral therapy on this subtype. In southern Brazil, the first developing country to offer free and universal treatment, subtypes B and C co-circulate with equal prevalence, allowing for an extensive evaluation of th...

BACKGROUND Designing optimal antiretroviral (ARV) salvage regimens for multiclass drug-resistant, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients demands specific clinical skills. Our aim was to assess the virologic and immunologic effects of the treatment recommendations drafted by a peer advisory board to physicians caring for heavily ARV-experienced patients. METHODS We conducted a na...

BACKGROUND Monocytes transmigrating to the brain play a central role in HIV neuropathology. We hypothesized that the continued existence of neurocognitive impairment (NCI) despite potent antiretroviral (ARV) therapy is mediated by the inability of such therapy to control this monocyte/macrophage reservoir. METHODS Cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses were conducted within a prospectively...

T first cases of HIV infection were reported in 1981 and today, more than 30 years later: there are approximately 34 million people currently living with HIV and nearly 30 million people have died of AIDS-related causes since the beginning of the epidemic.1 The prevalence of the disease varies greatly across nations, with the highest disease burden in sub-Saharan Africa. South and South-east As...

Submit Manuscript | http://medcraveonline.com Abbreviations: PLHIV: People Living With HIV; HAART: Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy; ART: Antiretroviral Therapy; ARV: Antiretroviral Drug; NNRTI: Non-Nucleoside ReverseTranscriptase Inhibitor; NRTI: Nucleoside Reverse-Transcriptase Inhibitor; PI: Protease Inhibitor; HIVDR: HIV Drug Resistance; PDR: Pretreatment HIV Drug Resistance; ADR: Acqui...