I t has been unclear whether there is a pathway that regulates plasma glucose through the action of peripheral tissue of apelin with the secretory function of insulin, which exerts a control in adipo-cytes in addition to the direct regulation of plasma glucose. Our study was designed to identify the changes in plasma apelin levels in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes in Chinese people. We also tr...

The apelin/APJ system has been implicated in obesity-related hypertension. We investigated the mechanism responsible for the pathogenesis of obesity-related hypertension with a special focus on the crosstalk between AngII/its type 1 receptor (AT1R) signaling and apelin/APJ expression. Sprague-Dawley rats fed a high-fat (obesity-related hypertension, OH) or normal-fat diet (NF) for 15 weeks were...

Aging-induced deterioration of arterial stiffness is decreased by regular exercise, and increased nitric oxide (NO) production participates in this effect. Apelin regulates endothelial NO synthase in endothelial cells, promoting NO production. However, the effect of aerobic exercise training on circulating apelin levels in healthy middle-aged and older adults remains unknown. Accordingly, this ...

INTRODUCTION Apelin is an adipokine secreted by the adipose tissue and by the endothelial cells in various parts of the body. Apelin is also expressed by the glomerular arteriolar rectus and glomerular capillary cells. We evaluated the relationship between the initial serum levels of apelin 13 with the trend of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) during a 1-year follow-up of patients with chronic ...

Apelin is the endogenous ligand of APJ, which belongs to the family of G protein‑coupled receptors. Apelin and APJ are highly expressed in various cardiovascular tissues, including the heart, kidney and vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells. Although apelin exerts hypotensive effects via activation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), the ability of apelin to regulate blood press...

Podocyte autophagy dysfunction has been reported to be responsible for the progression of diabetic nephropathy (DN), however, the factors contributed to autophagy dysfunction in type 2 diabetes are not fully understood. Among promoting factors in DN, an adipokine, apelin, had been showed to trigger podocyte dysfunction. Therefore, it is hypothesized that apelin, which is increased in plasma in ...

background: apelin is a mitogenic peptide; it has functions in vessel formation and cell proliferation. in this study we aimed to evaluate the serum and tissue levels and local expression pattern of apelin in eutopic and ectopic endometrium from patients with and without endometriosis and to compare the proliferative and secretory phase differences. methods: thirty women with endometriosis and ...

The apelin gene can promote vascular endothelial cell (VEC) proliferation, migration, and angiogenesis. However, the molecular mechanism for regulation of the apelin gene is still unknown. Real-time PCR and Western blotting analysis were employed to detect the effect of all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) in up-regulating apelin expression in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Furtherm...

Apelin, a peptide widely expressed in the body, is the endogenous ligand for the APJ receptor. To investigate how the apelin gene is regulated transcriptionally, we cloned and characterized approximately 3000 and approximately 4000 bp 5'-upstream fragments of the rat and human apelin genes. Putative CAAT-like box, but not TATA-box sites were identified. The rat (-207/-1 bp) and human (-100/+74 ...

AIM Vasopressin exerts robust influences on social communication and behavior in humans. Apelin is a relatively novel neuropeptide that could counteract vasopressin's actions and has been shown to be closely related with a broad range of physiological functions. Abnormalities in vasopressin and apelin have been detected in a variety of psychiatric disorders, but their relation to attention-defi...