From December 2012 standardised packaging for tobacco products – known as ‘plain packaging’ – has been mandatory in Australia. This paper evaluates the preliminary evidence – in the form of ABS household expenditure on tobacco data – to establish whether the policy has been successful. Despite our econometric efforts, the data refused to yield any indication this policy has been successful; the...

introduction and aims: both observational and experimental studies have shown that higher selenium status reduces the risk of upper gastrointestinal cancers in selenium deficient populations. recent cancer registry data have shown very different rates of esophageal cancer (ec) and gastric cancer (gc) in four provinces of iran, namely ardabil, mazandaran, golestan, and kerman. the aim of this st...

A vast majority of the emails received by people today are machinegenerated by businesses communicating with consumers. While some emails originate as a result of a transaction (e.g., hotel or restaurant reservation confirmations, online purchase receipts, shipping notifications, etc.), a large fraction are commercial emails promoting an offer (a special sale, free shipping, available for a lim...

AIMS To gain insight into the potential impact of plain tobacco packaging policy, two experiments were undertaken to test whether 'prototype' plain compared with branded UK cigarette pack stimuli would differentially elicit instrumental tobacco-seeking in a nominal Pavlovian to instrumental transfer (PIT) procedure. DESIGN, SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS Two experiments were undertaken at the Unive...

background: gastric cancer (gc) is the fifth common malignant disease and the third leading cause of cancer-related mortality in the world. ardabil, a northwestern province of iran, includes the highest rate of gc within the country. helicobacter pylori (h. pylori) vaca gene plays a major role in generating and maintaining the gastric inflammatory response , which alters the enteric nervous sys...

Abstract One of the essential issues in quality management water resources is determination level eutrophication and dissolved oxygen dam reservoirs other bodies. It possible to study changes concentration using qualitative models. In this study, CE-QUAL-W2, a two-dimensional model hydrodynamics capable predicting behavior aquatic ecosystems, has been used simulate eutrophication. As case Yamch...

BACKGROUND Pelvic ring injury classification traditionally is made using plain radiographs. Recent studies suggest that computed tomography (CT)-generated images have higher diagnostic accuracy than plain films for the classification of acetabular fractures. However, similar studies have not been performed for pelvic ring injuries. The purpose of this study was to compare CT-generated and plain...