the contraposition (musāmita) argument is among the arguments for proving the finitude of dimensions that has received attention in discussing physics and has yielded some philosophical consequences. contraposition argument is based on the two concepts of motion and contraposition, and by proving the impossibility of the motion of circle in case of the infinitude of dimensions, it deals with th...

We present a novel approach to machine learning, called ABML (argumentation based ML). This approach combines machine learning from examples with concepts from the field of argumentation. The idea is to provide expert’s arguments, or reasons, for some of the learning examples. We require that the theory induced from the examples explains the examples in terms of the given reasons. Thus argument...

Philosophy abounds in troublesome modal arguments-endlessly debated, perennially plausible, perennially suspect. The standards of validity for modal reasoning have long been unclear; they become clear only when we provide a semantic analysis of modal logic by reference to possible worlds and to possible things therein.2 Thus insofar as we understand modal reasoning at all, we understand it as d...

Wegner’s argument on the illusory nature of conscious will, as developed in The Illusion of Conscious Will (2002) and other publications, has had major impact. Based on empirical data, he develops a theory of apparent mental causation in order to explain the occurrence of the illusion of conscious will. Part of the evidence for his argument is derived from a specific interpretation of the pheno...

Hyland and Ong HO93] recently showed that given an arbitrary (right-absorptive) conditionally partial combinatory algebra (c-pca), there is a systematic way to construct a Kreisel-style modiied realizability topos which has more than suucient completeness properties to provide a categorical semantics for a wide range of higher type theories. Based on the topos generated from the c-pca of an app...

In ever so many philosophical introductions to formal logic the latter is presented as the philosopher’s ars iudicandi, i.e. as the instrument that evaluates the quality of philosophical arguments or, more generally, of informal reasoning. Irrespective of its content, an argument is only worthy of consideration if it is valid, i.e. if the truth of its premise(s) necessitates the truth of its co...

I present sound and complete natural deduction systems for (quantified modal) imperative logic, in five steps. (1) Syntax: I introduce imperative formal languages by using the imperative operator ‘!’; e.g., if ‘A’ is a declarative sentence, ‘!A’ (“let A be true’’) is an imperative sentence. (2) Semantics: I introduce interpretations of imperative formal languages, and (building on previous work...

The theme of this paper is the relationship between what one might call ‘speech act’ or ‘token validity’ on the one hand; and ‘formal’ or ‘type validity’ on the other. The former concerns the conditions under which the inference from premisses P to conclusion Q is properly made. The latter the study of what follows from what, the implication relationships between the sentences. One might expect...

This paper sharpens the distinction between inferential and logcon arguments. Inferential arguments represent possible inferences, ones need not. clarifies roles that play in accounting for normativity of validity reasoning establishing theoretical connection logical consequence. There are two related takeaways. First, is grounded on notion an argument. will account use to judge inference face ...